International businesses often do encounter political and country risks - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1996 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: Political and country risks: Financial institutions and business organizations operate its business activities abroad in order to diversify and expand their sources of revenue and profitability. Organizations that make investment in a foreign market either in the form of equity or assets are exposed to risks that may arise either from an act of the host government or from other external political events taking place in that country, these risks include social, political and economic conditions and events that imposes negative impact on the financial performance and profitability of foreign organizations. Types of political and country risks: The following are the main types of political and country risks that may affect the business performance of an international organization operating in foreign countries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International businesses often do encounter political and country risks" essay for you Create order Nationalization or deprivation: Nationalization is a process whereby a government takeover privately owned industries, corporations and resources with or without compensation. Nationalization is a political risk which makes it very difficult or impossible for international organizations to invest in a country where businesses are exposed to such risk. In past governments have nationalized highly profitable industries on the ground that it does not want foreign ownership of its valuable resources for instance in 2006 the Bolivian government nationalized the countrys oil and natural gas industries. Similarly in January 2007 the Government of Venezuela announced to nationalize firms in two major sectors of the countrys economy i.e. telecommunications and electricity. In November 2009 the president of Venezuela announced that he will nationalize banks in the country. Forced divestiture: forced divestiture another type of country risk in which an international firm is forced to divest its business operation, an example of forced divestiture is the Indonesian subsidiary of French retail giant Carrefour which has been ordered to sell the 75% stake it acquired in smaller rival Alfa Retailindo in January 2008. Gradual expropriation: Expropriation means a quick action of government to seize the assets of foreign entity, but in gradual expropriation a single international company is targeted by the host government. Gradual or creeping expropriation involves slow and gradual removal of property rights by way of tax increase on profits to make a foreign business less profitable, increase in property tax, instituting increasing barriers, changing the proportion of ownership which must be held locally. In gradual expropriation the ownership title of business remains in the name of foreign investor but the right to use the business is diminished as a result of the government interference. An example of gradual expropriation is when China announced a policy restricting the property rights of domestic and foreign automakers to transfer their ownership or enter into strategic alliance in China, by banning the sale or transfer of manufacturing licenses by bankrupt or failing automakers. Similarly in Tecinicas Medioambientales Tecmed S.A. V. The United Mexican States it was declared that the Mexican government has committed expropriation because of non-renewal of a license necessary to operate the landfill. Currency inconvertibility and exchange: Currency inconvertibility means a situation where one currency can not be converted or exchanged into foreign currency. This is another political risk for an organization operating its business activities abroad. In such case a foreign government may restrict the right of foreign firms to repatriate profits to their home country and all profits remain in the foreign country. Inconvertibility of currency may arise due to passing new legislation or administrative delays. In administrative delays the bureaucracy in a foreign country takes more time in currency conversion and creates a financial burden upon foreign companies. Some countries issues inconvertible currency for instance Cuban peso in order to protect its citizens from perceived capitalist infiltration, similarly domestic regulators may consider foreign currency inconvertible in order to protect local investors from bad investment decision i.e. hyperinflation of currency. Termination of fuel supply agreements: Termination of fuel supply agreement is another political risk for an international organization functioning in a foreign country. A foreign company whose business activities are solely dependent upon fuel supply under an agreement with the host government, or with the host company and when such agreement is terminated than in such circumstances the company will face major problem in continuing its business in such foreign country. Confiscation: Confiscation of international business is a severe form of political risks where host government seizes the assets of a foreign company without compensation. The U.S. 1996 Helms-Burton Law entitles the U.S. companies to sue companies from other countries that use property confiscated from U.S. companies following Cubas communist revolution in 1959. But the U.S. government waived this law repeatedly in order to maintain good relations with other countries. Terrorism and kidnapping: Kidnapping and other terrorist activities are means of making political statements. Small groups unhappy about the current political or social situation can resort to terrorist tactics to fulfill their demands. 9/11 tragedy is a prominent example. These groups may target the executives of large international companies for kidnapping and taking of hostages in order to fund their terrorist activities. The current political instability, terrorist activities and internal conflicts in Pakistan is a good example, where an international firm is exposed to a verity of threats arising from such activities and makes it impossible for such firm to operate business effectively and increase its profitability. Policy changes: Furthermore good relationship between the host government and international companies is of vital importance for operating a successful and profitable business and any political change that modify the anticipated effect and worth of a given economic action by changing the likelihood of achieving business objectives than it affects international businesses to a greater extent and the governments hard and fast new policies can create huge problems for international companies. Contractual frustration: Frustration of contract means legal termination of contract between the parties because of unforeseen circumstances which makes the performance of such contract practically impossible. These circumstances include, accident, change in law, sickness of one of the parties and interference from third party etc. In international business perspective companies that enter into trade agreements for export or import of goods or services either with government or private entities in foreign countries are often exposed to underlying political risks. Such contract may be frustrated at any time for a number of political reasons that are beyond the control of the parties. Transfer: Transfer risks take place when host government policies imposes limitation on the transfer of capital, payments, production, people and technology in and out of country i.e. imposing tariffs or restrictions on import and export, repatriation of capital or remittance of dividend etc. Trade disruptions: Devaluation: Screening for political risks: In order to operate successful business activities overseas it is very important for international companies to identify, analyze, measure and manage those political and country risks that are encountered by such company. Analysis of political risks: In order to analyze political risks, these are categorizes in two levels according to their nature, severity and intensity i.e. Macro political risk analysis and micro political risk analysis. Macro political risk analysis: This is an analysis that observes major political decisions likely to affect all businesses in a country. Macro risk factors include freezing the movement of assets out of the host country, limiting the remittance of profits or capital, currency devaluation, refusing to perform contractual obligations previously signed with the MNCs, industrial piracy (counterfeiters), political disorder and government corruption. Micro political risk analysis: This is an analysis that is directed towards government policies and decisions that influence selected sectors of the economy or specific foreign businesses in the country. The examples are selective discrimination, industry regulation, imposition of taxes on specific types of activity, restrictive local laws and host government policies that promote exports and discourage import. Management of political risks: Political risks can be managed through applying different strategies i.e. avoidance, reduction or shifting of risk and post commitment practices. Avoidance: If any enterprise realizes that making investment in a country will expose such enterprise to political risks the most simple strategy to keep away from such political risks is not to invest in such country and to go somewhere else, this is pre-commitment strategy that can be used before the commencement and making any final commitment. Reduction or shifting of risk: Another way of managing political risk is that a foreign company can implement a financial structure that shifts risks to local creditors and shareholders. Similarly contracts can be designed whereby a force majeure clause is included to revise and free contractual parties from their contractual obligations in case of any violence, coup, insurrection and long-term trade disruption etc. Post-commitment practices: Post-commitment practices mean adoption of strategies after making investment and commencement of business activities in overseas market. This kind of strategy takes various forms i.e. modification of employment or the ownership of the business, minority interest, designing operational structure, diversification and taking insurance policy. Modification of employment or the ownership of the business: If a foreign firms top management is controlled by local nationals or their ownership is significant or establishing of a joint venture of 50-50 ownership with a local firm than the host government would have less incentive to nationalize such business. Minority interest: Another useful strategy of managing political risks is to adopt minority interest in the business. Designing operational structure: Designing the operational structure of business in a way that attracts the inflow of foreign exchange in the host country and establishing good relations and close cooperation of management with the host government will also safeguard such firm from any threat from the host government. Diversification: If any political risk is encountered by a foreign firm while operating business activities overseas the best way is to diversify and expand its business operation into other countries that are not exposed to such type of risks. Taking insurance policy: Moreover to avoid any kind of loss that can be inflicted due to any political or country risk the company can go for insurance policy but it is very expensive and can minimize the profitability of such firm. conclusion: Catherine Rampell, When Government Takes Over Industries in Trouble, The New York Times, January 21, 2009: Available https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/business/worldbusiness/22poundbox.html Caracas, Chavez to nationalize strategic sectors, The Washington Times, Tuesday, January 9, 2007: Available https://washingtontimes.com/news/2007/jan/09/20070109-122511-8759r Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez threatens to nationalize banks, The Times of India, International Business, 30 November 2009: Available https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/biz/international-business/Venezuelan-President-Hugo-Chavez-threatens-to-nationalize-banks/articleshow/5282995.cms Business Monitor International, Carrefour forced to divest Alfa Retailindo Stake, Indonesia- Mass Srocery Retail, Nov 5 2009: Available https://store.businessmonitor.com/article/302304 John OConnell., Creeping Expropriation, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management. Blackwell Publishing,. Blackwell Reference Online. 22 December 2009: Available https://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631233176_chunk_g97806312349376_ss1-156#citation Leon. P (2009) Creeping Expropriation of Mining Investments: an African Perspective, Journal of Energy Natural Resources Law, Vol 27 No 4 2009, p 598: Available https://www.webberwentzel.com/wwb/action/media/downloadFile?media_fileid=5879 Dr. Leonard. M (2004), China, Country Briefing, June 7, 2004, Creeping Expropriation, Threats to Property Rights, And Rising Economic Risk: Remember Communism? AON Trade Credit Inc: Available https://www.offshoregroup.com/newsfiles/chinabriefing.pdf Tecinicas Medioambientales Tecmed S.A. V. The United Mexican States, International Centre for Settlement of Investment of Disputes (May 29, 2003) Case No. ARB (AF)/00/2: Available https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRHactionVal=showDocdocId=DC602_EncaseId=C186 John OConnell., Currency Inconvertibility, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management. Blackwell Publishing,. Blackwell Reference Online. 22 December 2009: Available https://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631233176_chunk_g97806312349376_ss1-191#citation Inconvertibility, Financial Dictionary: Available https://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Inconvertibility Wild. J. J. et al (2008) International business the challenges of globalization, 4th edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey p 97 Wild. J. J. et al (2008) International business the challenges of globalization, 4th edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey p96. Frustration of contract, Business Dictionary: Available https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/frustration-of-contract.html olitical Risks Briefing for Contract Frustration, Marsh an MMC company, July 2001, p 1: Available https://www.global.marsh.com/documents/contractFrustration.pdf

Factors Affecting The Development Of Anxiety Disorders

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Psychoactive Substances Should Be Regulated Essay

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Bullying Is A Phenomenon Of Unequal Power - 870 Words

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Nelson Mandela s Rights Of Human Rights - 2009 Words

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People were stripped of their identities and made slaves, if not killed, for simply being who they were. At the root of it all was the idea that the victims were not human. The Nazis stripped them of their humanity in every way possible and then stripped them of their lives. While there is not a Holocaust taking place today, there are many issues in today’s world that mirror similar ideas of inhumanity. Jews in the Holocaust were seen as less than human and were deprived their right to life. There are others today experiencing the same. One current human rights issue that isShow MoreRelatedNelson Mandela s Influence On Human Rights945 Words   |  4 PagesNelson Mandela is a world renowned activist that was imprisoned for twenty seven years in a South African prison, because of a system of racism known as â€Å"apartheid† which discriminated against blacks living in South Africa at the time. 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Business Model in the Business-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Importance of Business Model in the Business. Answer: A business model has the nature of logistic which is able to provide data along with evidence that describes how a business would be able to generate and deliver values to the customers. It also form of costs, revenue and profits associated with the business so that value of customers can be delivered. There is a different element of business model to create value for customers and divert payment into profits (Richter, 2013). In core, a business model of the business comprises nothing less in comparison of architecture of organizational and financial of a business. business model cannot be compared with spread sheet or computer model, although business model may well lodged in the plan of business and the statements of the income and cash flow projections. But in a clearly manner, the concept of it refers in the phenomenon to a conceptual, in comparison of financial. Figure 1: elements of business model design Source: (Teece, 2010). Business model is important for every sector; there is no need to determine certain sector for applying it. A good business model is able to gain value proposition that are captivating to customers and able to obtain the structure of advantageous cost and risks. It is able to generate significant value capture through the business that make and delivers products and services. It is required to design the business in an appropriate manner after those implementing e-commercially viable architectures for revenues to the success for an organization. It is most important if business is created at first but along with that it is important for this business to keep the model viable (Cant, 2013). It is required for business to focus on effectiveness of excellent people because they would be able to generate the sustainability and profitability. It has been argued by Teece, (2010), the concept of business model is value creation, value appropriation and innovation. Value creation is most important element of the business model. Value creation consider as major aspect in the business to attain the profit from end user For example, Amazon is a multinational company that is able to provide better services and products to their customers, it sets 14 principles within an organization and whosoever would be unable to follow these principles will be get punished by monetary or non-monetary terms. These unnecessary principles are being the reason of lack of creation that is why Germany is the country that does not prefer a single product from Amazon. Value appropriation is considers in the business in the order to gain profit or margin of the company. Two model strategies, leading strategy and rear guard strategies are being used to describe the value appropriation in the business. Innovation is the part of success of the company; b usiness model innovation is a unique concept which supports business in the term of financial viability. It has been analyzed that there are number of successful business model in all over the world, for instance, Wal-Mart, Apple, Google, Toyota, and Zara and so on. These are the well developed companies that made changes in their business model to gain more reparative position in existing market. There are nine block of business model which defines the strategy without facing any complexity. Figure 2: Canvas of business model Source: (Baden-Fuller Morgan, 2010). Cant, (2013), stated that business model as an activity system work an s the design elements of content, structure and governance. It goes beyond independencies in among activities and notions of the structure of networks. It has three elements in it activity system as content, activity system as governance and activity system as structure. Activity system of business model refers to the selection of number of activities. For instance, Banclombia has initiated activities to design microcredit for those Colombians who do not have the access of banking services. To perform the activities, it is required to business to give proper training from the top management to employees. Activity system structure refers that the interlinked of activities in the business model. Activity system governance refers that will be liable to perform the activities in appropriate manner. Along with them business model as activity system can be categorized in to novelty, lock-in, complementarities and effici ency (Dentchev, et. al., 2016). Business model as cost revenue architecture can involve key partner, activities and different resources of business. The modes as cost revenue architect focus on variable and fixed economy. Customer segment and price contribution is being considered in this business model. It forces the business to earn more profit by controlling all unnecessary expenses and provide the business new opportunities to turn business into annuities (Schaltegger Wagner, 2011). These models will be able to resolve the issues of static and dynamic. Business model is able to have impact of reducing issues on the problems. Number of conceptualization component involves in business model which helps out business to get rid of static as well as dynamic issues (Zhang Wang, 2016). There are various components of conceptualization value stream, logistic stream, internal capability factors, economic growth, market factor, competitive advantage and revenue stream. Along with that there is a conceptualized components such as competitors, technological input, system architecture and network architecture, value proposition, value creating, competitors are elements which are able to design or re-design the business model for the purpose to analyze the issues regarding static and dynamic (Sanchez Ricart, 2010). A business model is able to articulate the data and the logic that support a value proposition not only for customers but also maintain a viable structure of revenues and costs. A good business model will be able to deliver the valuable services to value customers. A business context is considered as the tool which is taken is use for analyzing the environment of working within an organization (Boons Ldeke-Freund, 2013). The choices of business model define the architecture of the business. It can be difficult for the business s to make amendments in established business model. For example, American express and Discover card have experienced to change its hybrid models where they issued cards themselves. It was inappropriate for its competitors which provide only network services, as per technology innovation American express issued credit card. Innovative business model helps out to redesign the models and provide opportunity to generate higher returns to the pioneer until and unle ss their features of novels do not copied (Bharadwaj, El Sawy, Pavlou Venkatraman, 2013). It has been analyzed that there is number of business notions such as value creation, core business, customer, management and addressable market. There is a notion of open innovation which refers that companies relying on internal ideas to make its business advance. Open innovation is the part of notion which depends on the outsiders as the source of views and new ideas to commercialize them. Addressable market is focuses on market segments, face book is the example of it, when marks Zuckerberg launched its business, and he set to have the system of monopoly on customers response and commitment. It is the most important for the business to make changes in business without hurting anyone. Value creation is the example of saving time and efforts of the customers; it comes under the performance indicator of strategic. Inventory management is essential tool for the business for bringing changes in business model because it is important for the business to know about the demand of the cus tomers. Business need to replace the notions of expertise by learns ability and innovations (Breuer Ldeke-Freund, 2014). Figure 3: Steps to gain sustainable business model Source: (Teece, 2010). As per the evolution of the company, opportunities for generating revenue at large scale arise. Manager of the organization should take initiative step as per changes in business model. It has been evaluated that business model is connected with the innovation of technology. It will certainly have impact on the decisions of mangers while decision. There is an example of Google, Amazon and Easy jet which is able to demonstrate that how business get influenced because of changes in business model. Technological innovations definitely have influences on the performance of business in desired market (Itami Nishino, 2010). It has been concluded that business model has crucial role in innovation and sustainable business. Business models make ensure to the customers or investors that they are going to tie up with planned organization. In this report the bas of conceptual is thin, but it suggests the various ways to advance the study regarding model of business. Employing more accurate notions would permit other researchers to better understand about the importance of business model. E-business model archetypes, business model as activity system and business model as cost architecture has been elaborated in this report which will give better understanding for further research. References Baden-Fuller, C. Morgan, M.S. (2010). Business Models as Models . Long Range Planning 43 (2010) 156e171. Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O. A., Pavlou, P. A., Venkatraman, N. V. (2013). Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights. Boons, F., Ldeke-Freund, F. (2013). Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda. Journal of Cleaner Production, 45, 9-19. Breuer, H., Ldeke-Freund, F. (2014). Normative innovation for sustainable business models in value networks. Dentchev, N., Baumgartner, R., Dieleman, H., Jhannsdttir, L., Jonker, J., Nyberg, T., ... van Hoof, B. (2016). Embracing the variety of sustainable business models: social entrepreneurship, corporate intrapreneurship, creativity, innovation, and other approaches to sustainability challenges. Journal of Cleaner Production, 113. Itami, H., Nishino, K. (2010). Killing two birds with one stone: profit for now and learning for the future. Long Range Planning, 43(2), 364-369. Richter, M. (2013). Business model innovation for sustainable energy: German utilities and renewable energy. Energy Policy, 62, 1226-1237. Sanchez, P. Ricart, J. E. (2010). Business model Innovation and sources of value creation in low-income markets. European Management Review (2010) 7, 138-154. Schaltegger, S., Wagner, M. (2011). Sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainability innovation: categories and interactions. Business strategy and the environment, 20(4), 222-237. Seville, D., Buxton, A. Vorley, B. (2011). Under what conditions are value chains effective tools for pro-poor development?. Retrieved on 19th April 2017 from: Teece, D. J. (2010). Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation. Long Range Planning, vol 43 2010. Zhang, D., Wang, X. (2016). Investigating the dynamic spillover effects of low-cost airlines on airport airfare through spatio-temporal regression models. Networks and Spatial Economics, 16(3), 821-836.

Understand the role of communication and interaction with individuals who have Dementia free essay sample

You could misinterpret a person who has dementia because you do not know the full extent of the illness. So when a service user becomes aggressive you may think they are being nasty to you when in reality it is the illness and they do not know any different. 1. 3 Explain the importance of effective communication to an individual with dementia. Effective communication can improve the quality of life for someone with dementia so try and find out the best way to understand the service user and what level of dementia they have so you can learn to communicate in a way they like (singing) Speak to family members of service user to find out how they like to communicate Read the care plan for information Speak to other carers 1. 4 describe how different forms of dementia may affect the way an individual communicates The different type of dementia affects the brain in different ways and each individual communicates their thoughts and feelings in a unique way In the early stages of some forms of dementia people have difficulty finding the right word; and in the later stage words become lost completely in all forms of dementia. It becomes harder to put sentences together as the disease progresses. Automatic responses such as â€Å"hello† are maintained for long periods of time. In the late stages of the disease a person with dementia may have very limited ability to speak. 2 understand the importance of positive interactions with individuals with dementia. 2. 1 give examples of positive interactions with individuals who have dementia. Have a positive interactive environment. A positive mood, tone of voice and body language will go along way to positively interact with someone with dementia. Showing affection is also a good way of creating a positive atmosphere. The person with dementia might not know who you are, but they may know that you are not a threat to them. Make sure you have the attention of the person with dementia, remind them who you are and anything else that may help them focus on you, if they are sitting sit with them, if they are standing stand with them remember they need to feel that you are not a threat to them. Be clear, don’t use complicated words or raise your voice. Asking yes/no questions and or giving simple choices are also ways for a chance at successful communication. Be reassuring, holding their hand often helps with communication. 2. 2 explain how positive interactions with individuals who have dementia can  contribute to their wellbeing. Dementia can result in a range of difficulties; memory; thinking and planning; orientation to time, place and person; communication ,learning judgement, emotion, motivation, perception, these can all have impact on mobility ,for example: remembering where to go, understanding staff so positive interaction with individuals with dementia can help them in many ways by keepin g their minds active. 2. 3 explain the importance of involving individuals with dementia in a range of activities. Involving individuals with dementia in activities is very important because the individual should gain a satisfaction and achievement and that is very important to them Keep the activities very simple and do not go on to long so the person doesn’t feel a sense of failure or they can not cope or get too tired. Activities should be kept positive and enjoyable. Doing activities can improve the persons confidence and a sense of hope. 2. 4compare a reality orientation approach to interactions with validation approach Approaches of disoriented elderly people can be distinguished in two main perceptions, Reality Orientation and Validation. Reality Orientation appeals to still existing functions and helps people to get oriented toward the reality. Validation goes with people into their inner world, where feelings dominate and facts are no longer important. In this article both approaches are explicated. Further, it is stated that measuring the effects of Reality Orientation or Validation have the same pitfalls, such as lack of adequate scales, unclear definitions of the behaviour and symptoms of patients involved, and the risk of measuring a Hawthorne effect. The author states that Validation meets the demands of disoriented people better than Reality Orientation. She argues to think in-depth about the aims of psychogeriatric care, in order to define what effects should be pursued and measured. Nursing diagnoses should be used instead of medical diagnoses. 3 Understand the factors which can affect interactions and communications of individuals with dementia 3. 1 list the physical and mental health needs that may need to be considered when communicating with an individual with dementia. Wandering Repetitive speech Behaviour Sleeplessness Paranoia Eating Bathing Dressing Incontinence Physical disability Illness / distress Learning disability Language difference Visual impairment Hearing impairment 3. 2 Describe how the sensory impairment of an individual with dementia may affect their communication skills. A service user with dementia and impairment skills will find their ability to communicate (especially orally) severely impaired. An example of this might be an older individual who would like a cup of tea; however due to dementia they have forgotten the word for tea or cup. And as they have sensory impairment (visually)they cannot see the cup and cannot point to it to indicate what they want. This would lead them to feel very frustrated at the inability to get the drink of tea and also at the inability to express their desire and thought. 3. 3descibe how the behaviour of carers or others might affect an individual with dementia. As individuals with dementia can often suffer from stress and anxiety caused by their dementia if put into a situation outside their comfort zone they become anxious, unruly and nervous. If a dementia sufferer is taken to a place where there is lots of noise you may find them very nervous, frightened this could have a negative impact on their illness. 3. 4 describe how behaviour of carers and others might affect an individual with dementia. Always remember when visiting a service user with dementia to try and keep to the same routine as it will have a big impact on the service user if you do not, example (disagree with other carer in front of a service user with voices raised ). 3. 5 explain how the use of language can hinder positive interactions and communication An individuals use of language could have a negative affect on a individual as they might not be able to say what they mean(due to their illness) they may get frustrated/nervous /angry at themselves and to others they are trying to communicate with the individual may not speak English and that could be more difficult for them, this will have a negative impact on their dementia.