Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Essay

The legendary and controversial story behind Butch Cassidy and his partner, the Sundance Kid, goes back to the time of the American Old West. This time period was marked by exploration and people’s struggle with cultural conflicts, economic growth or falls, and mental as well as physical drama. Harry Longabaugh (the â€Å"Sundance Kid†) Criminal career started prior to his joining the â€Å"Wild Bunch†. On February 27, 1887, while traveling from South Dakotas Black Hills back to the ranch, named â€Å"N bar N†, where he worked at as a cowboy. Twenty years old Harry Longabaugh passed through a ranch called the â€Å"Three V Ranch†. While passing through this ranch, which was owned by a group of English investors, young Longabaugh stole a grey horse (branded J on its shoulder), a gun, and a saddle. He continued his journey to N bar N while the Three V Ranch’s employees were looking for a young man that is smooth-faced and has grey eyes. After unsuccessful two weeks of searching, with information given from one of the Three V Ranch employees, Harry Longabaugh was arrested by the James Ryan, Sherriff of Sundance, Wyoming. A few months later, while heading as a prisoner west to Rapid City, South Dakota, Longabaugh slipped from his handcuffs and jumped of the moving train while the sheriff was in the bathroom. After coming back to Wyoming with no luck of relocating his escaped prisoner, Sheriff Ryan offered a $250 for Longabaugh. In a not so smart move, Longabaugh returned to N bar N and was soon caught by the Sheriff’s Deputy. He arrested and was sentenced to 18 months in jail. During the time he spent in jail, Harry Longabaugh was given his new nickname, by which he is known today: the â€Å"Sundance Kid†. A few years later, late in august 1891, Butch Cassidy, that was considered as the â€Å"worst man in four states†¦Utah, Colorado, Idaho, and Wyoming. †(â€Å"The Washington Post†,pg. 20’), followed his future partner’s path to prison. While Butch Cassidy was staying at a place called †Mail Camp†, Billy Nutcher, a part of the â€Å"Jack Bliss† gang, rode in trailing three saddle horses. He put his horses under care and joined a person named Burnaugh and his guests, including Butch Cassidy. Butch was interested in Nutcher’s business, as well as his horses, and a discussion about a sale soon followed. After a short discussion, a deal was struck, and Cassidy became the owner of three horses. The problem was that not a lot of attention was paid to the paperwork. Ranchers in the area started to notice that their horses were disappearing, and soon discovered that Cassidy and one of his associates in the horse dealing â€Å"business† were stealing the animals. After one of the ranchers served a complaint and an investigation started. With the lawmen on their tail, Cassidy and his associate hided in a ranch, but were discovered shortly thereafter. They were taken into custody for a few months before going into trail, and were then found guilty. After a few months they were brought a few times in front of a judge with new evidence. At the end, Cassidy was found guilty and sentenced to prison. Not long after his release from prison, Butch Cassidy started to gather some of his outlaw friends. One of its first recruits was the Sundance Kid. This new formed group was later known as the famous â€Å"Wild Bunch†. The story of Butch Cassidy (real name, Robert LeRoy Parker) and the Sundance Kid as partners in crime is in fact became well known by the American Western film, directed by George Roy Hill and written by William Goldman, carrying the name of the two- â€Å"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid†. The film features the two as two friends who try to be as successful as they can be as robbers while escaping the law. The main cliffhanger of the movie is that the two believe they are being chased by a lawman that was paid to kill them. Consequently, the both escape to Bolivia while being accompanied by the Sundance Kid’s girlfriend Etta, and become successful bank robbers known as â€Å"Los Bandidos Yanquis†. At some point they do attempt to live the â€Å"straight† life, but encounter lawmen that recognize them and start a shootout. The film ends at a freeze frame shot of the two charging out of a building while participating in a shootout, which they started, after believing they saw the man who was paid to kill them. Although the film is based loosely on fact and has holes in it, it prorates the most famous train robbery that was conducted by the Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, alongside their gang: the robbery of the Union Pacific overland flyer train near Wilcox, Wyoming. In the first robbery, which probably accrued a few years earlier, was successful. According to a newspaper, Pacific train no. 8 was held by a bandits at about 1 o’clock at august 21. The robbery was successful (for the bandits), and luckily no one was hurt (â€Å"the Atlanta Constitution†, pg. ). In the second robbery, unlike the first one that goes well, Butch Cassidy uses to much dynamite and blowing up the baggage car. While the gang, which consisted of nine members, (as reported by one of the gang members to the â€Å"Washington Post†) was desperately trying to gather up their money, lawmen arrive to the scene and a famous and massive man hunt begins. The gang scatters Besides the film, there are many more records of that day. One of them is an eyewitness who was actually a mail clerk working on the Union Pacific Railroad. His name was Robert Lawson and he recounted his experience in the June 8, 1899 issue of the Buffalo Bulletin, a newspaper that operates even today. â€Å"As soon as we came to a standstill, Conductor Storey went forward to see what was the matter and saw several men with guns, one of whom shouted that they were going to blow up the train with dynamite†¦Following close behind the shooting came a terrific explosion, and one of the doors was completely wrecked and most of the car windows broken. The bandits then threatened to blow up the whole car if we didn’t get out, so Bruce gave the word and we jumped down, and were immediately lined up and searched for weapons†¦The men all wore masks reaching below their necks and of the three I observed, one looked to be six foot tall, the others being about ordinary sized men. The leader appeared to be about 50 years old and spoke with a squeaky voice, pitched very high. (Robert Lawson, the â€Å"Buffalo Bulletin†) Two years after robbing the Union Pacific Railroad , Butch Cassidy, the Sundance Kid, and Ethel â€Å"Etta† Place (the Sundance Kid’s girlfriend), fled to New York City and from there they departed to Buenos Aires, Argentina, aboard the British steamer â€Å"Herminius†. There they settled together on a 15,000-acre that they purchased on the east bank of the Rio Blanco (west-central Argentina). On February 14, 1905, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid robbed a bank in Rio Gallegos (the capital and largest settlement of the Patagonian province of Santa Cruz in Argentina) and escaped with the largest amount of money that they will ever manage to escape with. After that massive bank robbery, they sold their ranch because lawmen were beginning to suspect them. They fled north aboard the steamer â€Å"Condor† across Nahuel Huapi Lake and into Chile. A year later, Etta would leave with the Sundance Kid back to the United States and Cassidy would become a Miner in the Santa Vera Cruz range of the central Bolivian Andes. Later on, the Sundance Kid reunited with Cassidy and they worked together at the Concordia Tin Mine. The cause for Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid’s deaths are less known and still remain a mystery. The most accepted theory for their deaths todays is that they died at a shootout at Bolivia. Another theory about the cause for their death is only about Butch Cassidy, which says that he was shot died at Chiloe, where he operated a successful ranch for five years. Never the less, those theories did not stop people from believing that there is a chance that the two men who were killed by the authorities in Bolivia were not Butch Cassidy and the Sundance kid. Some say that the police made a mistake, and that the real Butch Cassidy and the Sundance kid returned to the US and lived there for the rest of their lives. Some say that Butch Cassidy died peacefully Paraguay, Chiloe, or even at Spokane, Washington in 1935. Among those claimers this is even Cassidy’s sister, who claimed that Cassidy came for a visit in the fall of 1925. â€Å"Take your pick. There are a lot of Butch Cassidy tales in this part of Argentina because he spent so much time here. Many descendants of those who knew Cassidy live in Bariloche or in the nearby countryside, and the local museum exhibits photos and documents relating to the North American Bandits. †

Global Environmental Issues Essay

Global environmental issues, such as climatic change, global warming, pollution, species extinction and destruction of tropical rain forests hold unique place among other major international problems as it is one area that has transformative, comprehensive and long term impact on the future of entire world. For over a decade now the subject of these issues have become the common platform for intellectuals citizens, scientists, social organizations, and political and economic leaders from different parts of world to converge, assess and determine the possible ways to contain and mitigate its threat, that poses an unprecedented risk to the functioning and perhaps very survival of humanity. Climatic change, rain forest destruction and global warming are all interrelated issues, borne from same cause of increase in population and consumption. The empirical instances of these problems have been already factually corroborated in late in 1980s and early 1990s (Paterson, 1996). The years since 1987 started to show the veracity of these predictions as global average annual temperature soared higher every passing year and 1998 became the warmest year in the recorded years. More ominously, the second and third most warmest years in recorded history were 1995 and 1993, confirming to scientists, environmentalists and people that the rise in global temperature was not a sudden phenomena, or an aberration, but a systematic process that would compound in the absence of any effective policy and action (Johansen, 2002). Meanwhile, the destruction of Amazon and African rain forests have further compounded the problem, causing the environmental conditions to deteriorate more rapidly. Issues of climatic change and global warming have assumed international proportion as people have started to realized that the warming is a consequence of the largely unstructured paradigm of development, consumption, and growth followed over past 200 years, a problem that has been deeply embedded in the socio-cultural and economic system of the world (Uzawa, 2003). Despite the fact that there are many people over the world who would readily associate United States as the whole sole perpetrator of emission of greenhouse gases and global warming, United States has been among the leading campaigners to instituting policy change and corrective actions on the most comprehensive and global level to tackle the problem. The threats arising from global warming are bound to affect US’ economic and public interests with same intensity as they would affect that of any other country (Fleagle, 1994). Changing sea-level, intensification of storms, and climatic change have presented real threats for the United States and it is pressed for a domestic as well international solution (Uzawa, 2003). The problems with US are that its complex economic interests, industrial structure and societal framework doesn’t allow it to implement any drastic measures that may force a possible economic collapse (Victor, 2001). Under these strenuous complications, the US government is trying to come up with a policy for large scale institutional change and economic streamlining that aims to incorporate environmental costs as part of the economy and the society.

IBM: Using Strategy to Build a “Smarter Planet” Essay

1) Pick a company (or a brand, institute, city or government†¦.) which can be a client of IBM and describe three (3) specific benefits the Smarter Planet initiative can provide to the organization. Wal-Mart; (i) By managing and organizing Wal-Mart’s huge database through database management which will be help keep better track of inventory levels, merchandise assortment and product pricing. (ii) Help Wal-Mart better analyze buying behavior through implementation of smart systems. (iii) Increased efficiency and better customer service. 2) Conduct a SWOT analysis for IBM’s Smarter Planet initiative. Strengths; (i) An Internationally recognized company with a very good reputation. (ii) Known for its revolutionary and innovative inventions like the hard disk drive and the ATM. Weaknesses; (i) Pressure to perform and deliver on what IBM has set out to accomplish through the smarter planet initiative. (ii) Because of IBM’s size and considering how long it’s been in business, the company will find it very challenging to make big changes such as a total change from their current commodity-based business to customizable businesses. Opportunities; (i) Growth of markets in developed and third world countries. (ii) Business analytics and optimization. Threats; (i) A strongly competitive industry with very well-known companies like HP and Dell who also cater to large organizations for almost similar purposes. (ii) Shifting from a commodity-based to customizable businesses will be very challenging. 3) What relevant trends to consider for the next three to five years? Customer Trends; (i) The desire for customers to work more efficiently. (ii) The desire for customers to stay updated and connected across technologies. Environmental Trends; (i) Fewer trade barriers. (ii) Growth of developing countries. 4) (a) How can IBM communicate its strategy to companies, cities, and governments? List 3 ways (i) By making Information such as industry reports, statistics and videos available on their website that describes the strategy. (ii) Through a â€Å"Letter from the Chairman† by Sam Palmisano, which shows how the Smarter Planet initiative represented an infusion of intelligence into the way the world actually works. (iii) By using print and television advertising campaigns to communicate IBM’s ability to make the world â€Å"smarter.† (b) How is Watson a part of the communication strategy? Watson is a very strong communication tool. Its exposure on shows like Jeopardy! are a great way to deliver its message about their strategy. 5) What are the benefits of the Smarter Planet initiative to; (a) Society; (i) Help cites, industries and organizations make smarter decisions, the result of which would help cut costs, reduce waste and increase productivity which would in turn making them more profitable and sustainable. (ii) IBM believes that through this initiative, any person or organization â€Å"can now become digitally aware, networked and intelligent.† (b) IBM; (i) Close customer interactions which facilitate better relationships. (ii) Successful implementation of smart solutions will lead to brand loyalty and ultimately increased revenue. (c) How should IBM measure the results of the Smarter Planet Strategy? IBM should measure the results based on how successful the Smarter Planet Strategy has been on an organization after its implementation. For example, by using IBM’s smart solutions to analyze its data, the Memphis Police Department reduced crime by 28 percent. Here we can clearly see that the strategy turned out to be very successful, hence, a great result for IBM.

The Usefulness of Websites for Historical Research Essay

The Usefulness of Websites for Historical Research - Essay Example A website may be the work of an individual, a business, or any other type of organization for that matter, which is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Websites are extremely useful in the studying of various research topics. However when it comes to historical research, there are certain values and limitations of websites for studying this history. The aim of this paper is to examine and assess these values and limitations, in order to come to a clearer and more knowledgeable understanding on how accurate and useful websites truly are for studying history. By examining six websites in particular, we can base our results on how successful the average website is when used for studying history. Basing our historical research around the Civil War, the websites which will be used in this study will be as follows: By thoroughly examining these six websites, we can come to a critical assessment of how accessible and resourceful the average website is in historical research. This is what will be dissertated in the following. The immediate content of this website was professional and direct, with the home page offering separate corresponding timelines to choose from. Information such as: Civil War experience, Civil War timeline, Civil War battles, and Civil War people were also available to choose from on the home page; giving the visitor a vast array of options to choose from. In terms of visual presentation, it was accurately appropriate for the topic, and good design allowed for easy access through this site. There was in fact even a design labeled as the 'best graphic on site' in the 'Civil War Experience' page.1 Thinkquest offered a vast exhibition of useful information in regards to the Civil War, and even offered a 'Fun Fact of the day'; random factual occurrences which relate to the Civil War. The corresponding timelines offered accurate and incredibly informational timelines on the Civil War, and were significantly useful directional tools in terms of accessing around the website. In terms of what was negative about this site, or what more could have been done, the only true factor would be in regards to the actual design layout of the page. Although all the information was easily accessible, the visible attractiveness of it could certainly be updated and laid out more efficiently. However, as a website for allocating and using resourceful information on the Civil War, it can certainly be considered overall as positive. The Civil War Home Page This website was easily the most informational, graphically pleasing, and overall positive out of the six. The home page itself contained more educational and resourceful information that might even be expected; while still remaining to be pleasing to the eye. The layout and content of the site was done so in a way most certainly methodologically in order to allow visitors an easily accessible and highly information tour through the site. The immediate presentation of the website was not the only positive element; after selecting any of the numerous offered links to

Globalization in Daily Life Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Globalization in Daily Life - Assignment Example Many scholars and economist have tried to explain the term globalization as per their own view and opinions. For example, Jos Berghman commented that â€Å"globalization refers to a growing global interconnectedness† (Berghman, 2005, p.6). The term, ‘interconnectedness’ itself explains the core essence of the globalization. The UK Department for International Development (DFID) has given a broad definition of globalization. DFID has identified that the â€Å"increased flows of goods, services, capital, people and information† are the major determinants of globalization which is â€Å"driven by technological advances and reductions in the cost of international transaction† (Zajda, 2005, p.294).  Therefore, primarily, international trade and technological advancements have facilitated the process of globalization and this has developed medium for exchanging ideas, views, tangible & intangible capital, factors of productions etc. This process has crea ted a better scope for the development of economic, social, cultural and international relation. In our every step of daily life, we can feel of the presence of this development encouraged by globalization.  For example, the product developed using Japanese technologies like Japanese cars is dominating in the global automobile sectors. On the other hand, Italian cuisine like ‘Pizza’ is one of the popular food items of the people living in American and Asian countries. Moreover, Chinese cost-effective production process has led to encouraging many manufacturers like Nike to expand their business in China, and many multinational corporations are trying to enter in emerging marketing like India, Taiwan, China etc. These examples are a proper reflection as an outcome of globalization. In order to facilitate the process of international trade, the trade agreement between and/or among different countries have played a very significant role as it helps to grow a country with significant amount of foreign direct investments (FDI) which creates industrialization causing growth in aggregate demand and supply, and an economy can achieve equilibrium growth. Recently, U.S. and Korea have entered into free trade agreement known as KORUS FTA, according to which the U.S. MNCs can have greater accesses in the Korean market, and Korean automobile manufacturer can enjoy a significantly reduced tariff in U.S. automobile market (U.S. International Trade Commission, 2011). The U.S. automobile sector is already crowded with a number of domestic and foreign automobile companies. However, as per this agreement, the Korean companies can have better access to the automobile market as they are able to offer cars at much-reduced cost increasing the competition. The competition is one of the healthy sign for economic development.

COMMUNISM, MARIXSM AND CAPITALISM Research Paper

COMMUNISM, MARIXSM AND CAPITALISM - Research Paper Example The productions occur under the private owners and they themselves make the investment. They are the ones who are also the eventual receivers of all the profits that are generated. The laborers work on fixed salaries and do not hold a share in the profits generated. The purpose of the manufacture of goods that is production is mainly directed not towards the greater good but only purpose of providing profits for the owners. The owners in capitalism enjoy the rights of having hold over their property along with the decisions as to whether what they wish to do with the property. Also all the profits that are produced on their property go in their hands. Capitalism is considered to be a booming factor for economic growth but it is believed that it is due to capitalism that there is unequal distribution of the wealth. This is because all the profits mainly go in the hands of the private owners and hence they are the ones who mainly benefit from capitalism. Marxism on the other hand is an other form of economic and social governance which was presented by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Are available Supreme Court Decisions equipped to deal with emerging Essay

Are available Supreme Court Decisions equipped to deal with emerging technological advances - Essay Example The surfacing of new technologies used in fighting crime and the constitutional questions they raise warrants a new approach to these technologies in trying to protect individual rights while at the same time fighting crime. For the last few decades, the Court system has been struggling with the issue of technological advances and their constitutionality. Courts have not only been cautious of the role played by technological devices, but general public interest and maintaining the rule of law in every scenario. Technological advances involving the use of gun detectors, use of less lethal weapons, monitoring of email communication have sparked controversy all over the U.S. In addition, warrant requirements for searches/seizures in cyberspace have been delved into by the Supreme Court. Use of Gun Detectors Emergence of new technologies such as metal and gun detectors and the test of their constitutionality has led to a fresh overview of the functions of the handgun in the Fourth Amendm ent jurisprudence. Courts have always dealt with the issue of weapon searches as they have always been wary of departing from the constitutional requirement that searches can only be conducted in the presence of a warrant occasioned by probable cause. The Supreme Court’s decision in Terry v. Ohio showed a laxity to institute the prerequisite for conducting a search when the aim of the search is recovery of a hidden gun. The Supreme Court unwillingly relaxed this requirement with a view to uphold Terry’s rights according to the Fourth Amendment. The Supreme Court acknowledges that weapons searches and examinations of suspects holding illegal guns are paramount to protecting both the public and the police during street interrogations. In addition, the Court approved the â€Å"pat down’ system in determining whether a suspect is in possession of a handgun as it saw this system as a less intrusive way of conducting searches. We note that there are currently unlimit ed weapon searches places at points of entry such as airports and institutions including courthouses and schools. Gun detection in these places is on different contexts, but aims at achieving a universal goal, however, in the course of gun weapons searches, other contraband are discovered, which are later used as evidence against the defendants, even if a gun was not discovered (Johnson, p. 199). The current use of gun detection measures, which are deemed less invasive, such as pat downs are rather ineffective in detection, this warrants the use of metal and gun detectors based on less than probable cause, which has been approved by the Court. The Supreme Court advocates for the use of gun detectors that serve to distinguish those carrying a gun from those who are not while at the same time not providing any additional information on the person being screened. This will ensure law enforcers are able to detect concealed weapons while protecting civil freedom. In street interrogations , the Supreme Court on Terry v. Ohio exemplifies the Fourth Amendment as meaning that seizure or searches, based on probable cause, conducted without issuance of warrants are a violation of a person’s civil liberty and thus the search results are inadmissible in court. While the Court acknowledges that searches based on probable

Is racism ancient history in our days Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is racism ancient history in our days - Essay Example Thesis At the beginning of the 21st century, racism is a major social problem affected modern American society which takes its roots in ancient history of the nation. The American nation is especially heterogeneous in terms of religion, nationality, ethnicity, class language, and, of course, race. But prevailing American values emphasize the values of equality of opportunity, fair play, and individualism. While there is some evidence to justify current attitudes, in fact there is better evidence to suggest that race relations in America are still a major source of stress and social tension (Wachtel 23). Another black perspective argues that race in America has become less salient than class. This assessment, if true, would suggest that black-white relations are much better than they have ever been before in America. Race is another factor which influences the distribution of economic and social resources in America. It is important to note that recent years the understanding of race has been changed, because as a collective sentiment, race needs to be upheld and reaffirmed. Modern theories of race suggest that concept of race is more a cultural p henomenon than a economic one. Community of culture and unity of meaning are the main sources that allow the construction and experience of race (Wachtel 78) In modern society, racism complements, but it does not replace, individual prejudice and discrimination. J. Strausbaugh in Black like You: Black Face, White Face indicates that institutional racism is much more widespread than individual racism. Yet, most educational programs against racism are aimed almost exclusively against individual racism. Following Strausbaugh "disrespectful stereotypes are acceptable from people who looks like you, but it is racism when a member of another race finds humor in it" (12). In modern society, racism can exist to some degree regardless of what else is going on in society. Institutional racism, however, cannot thrive without constant replenishment of new personnel who are able to accept the human cost of racist policies without challenging their legitimacy. People who are victimized by racism may combat it most readily by organizing and changing public policies. Altering public policies solely by changing personal opinions of racists is a hopeless, endless endeavor. To a significant extent, racism bears a relationship to sexism, antisemitism, and extreme nationalism. The essence of modern racism is violations of equal human worth which are involved in racism as well as in sexism, anti-semitism, and extreme nationalism. Today, racial prejudices and ideologies rationalize widespread white discrimination against people of color (Strausbaugh 82). This view of a white-dominated America is not popular among most white analysts and commentators in the twenty-first century. More popular is the belief that African Americans and other people of color have made great progress, so much so that white racism is no longer a major barrier in most of their lives. Indeed, few whites are aware of how important racism is to their own feelings, beliefs, thinking, and actions (Thernstrom 20). The extensive use of litigation and legislation in American racial affairs determines the salience of the law. Leading personalities, landmark court rulings and laws, the heritage of legalized segregation and discrimination, bias in the administration of justice and contemporary

Blog Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Blog - Coursework Example Therefore, current management teams tend to focus on the required combinations that are required in terms of employees for economic and productivity values. When evaluating the effects of team diversity on business performance, (Kochan, et al., 2002, p. 12) indicated that different levels employee sourcing create a very strong case for the diversification of the required returns. The diversity under consideration in this situation includes cultural, demographic, technical and cognitive. After this integration, the group processes will include communication, creativity, conflict and cohesion. The required outcomes in this regard are; reduced turnover rate, satisfaction of all stakeholders and improved performance. It has been noted that diversity, if not well managed have adverse effects on the running of a company. Conflicts and ineffective communication are an inevitable part of life in any group setting. However, these can take a different dimension when dealing with diversity (Her rera, Duncan, Ree, & Williams, 2013, p. 5). Lower levels of cohesion and miscommunication are some of the negative issues that must be looked into before effectiveness of the whole company is upgraded. In fact, the relationship that exists between diversity and performance in any company is dependent on the human resource enforces the good practices of creativity and innovation at the initial levels of hiring employees. Therefore, diversity must be effectively handled if it has to give the best results (Mirza, 2011, p. 4). Effective handling of diversity has several advantages. McDonalds Company is one of the companies that have highly benefitted from the aspect of work place diversity. Increased productivity has been highly seen as a result of the diversity created. The company, a US grocery company has a very wide base in more than 118 countries and in particular commands a very huge market in the UK (Mirza, 2011, p. 7). The use of diversity has made the company create a diverse w ork force with different talents that have highly reduced the turnover rate of the company and in turn increasing its stores all over the world. Another benefit that has come to the company is increased creativity and the rate of solving company problems. Different cultures come with different needs and concerns (Kochan, et al., 2002, p. 13). The company has concentrated so much on diverse work force that it has equally created a diversified customer base based on the cultural range of products sold. So committed to the issue of diversity it is, that the company has created a World Leadership Development. Because of the company external development strategy, it does not discriminate (Mirza, 2011, p. 3). The third advantage as seen in the McDonald’s case is the attraction and retention talent. The company has been seen to highly involve itself in the community based programs where it creates the diversity needed. According to Mirza (2011), the company supports groups of networ ked individuals in the composition of gay and lesbian employees, because these are very important to the company employment cycle. In fact, the company has a Chief World Diversity Officer, Patricia Sowell Harris whose work is to see that the values of these individuals are upheld. According to the company, they are important, not only as a customer base development team but also worthy employees. Tasked with making sure that people deliver their best, she has made sure that the company effectively responds to the aspect of diversified talent. With the inclusion of

Academic and Career Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Academic and Career Goals - Essay Example I have a positive attitude towards my academic achievements and this is what I will use to help me attain my goal within the specified time frame. I will however need to adjust my schedule and dedicate more time to academic than before but I have hopes that my grad team will help me on that. My career goal is based on my academic goal and it is to become a successful RN with my own private practice to help people with terminal illnesses enjoy and be comfortable in their last years of life. The motivation to do this is extrinsic and comes from my family members some of whom have terminal illnesses but cannot get the comfort and joy needed to overcome the illnesses and enjoy their last years due to lack of proper private practices set out particularly for such a tasks. Seeing them receive only professional help where there is lack of love and social support is what drives me to want to achieve my set career goal and make a difference in the community of the people with terminal illnesses. The attitude I have which I will have acquired from experience as a LPN and academic achievement will help me sail through this tasking career goal smoothly. I believe I have no adjustments to make since I will have all I require to achieve my career goal once I complete my education. The above grad team is my key to achieving my academic goal and finally to having a successful career goal and hence close contact and mutual relationship is very necessary. My admissions representative will come in handy when the time comes to make transition to RN from LPN without having to wait for several months for the application to go through since I am on a time schedule to attain the goal. This will also not be successful if my academic counselor does not constantly advise me and keep me in check on my academic work, upping my grades and putting more effort not only in class but also during my

Discussing Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Discussing Frankenstein Essay Living in a society, we are accustomed to completing tasks within minutes if not seconds. With this fact in mind, it is very difficult to comprehend the amount of painstaking labor of Victor Frankenstein. The long days eventually turned into months and then into years. Victor observed worms in a graveyard, collected materials, and painstakingly created a being, complete with the intricacies of a human body and mind. After the realization of his greatest achievement, Victor looked upon the lifeless individual as his creation. As the father of this illegitimate being, Victor is already physically and morally responsible for the creature. Since the very beginning of the experiment, Victor was entrusted with this being. Once the creature opened his yellow eyes, Victor relinquished his task to educate his design. Instead of worrying over the creatures welfare and the interest of others, he drove from his mind all thoughts of the experiment. The monster was left to fend for itself, learning the basic essentials of survival by what he saw an the only food he could find. Only until the monster hurt something of significance to Victor, did the scientist feel accountable. It is no doubt the monster is now evil. His unanswerable question in life is why am I here? The man who gave him life fled from his side just like the rest of society. Victor, at this point in the story, has a choice. The scientist can either make another life form or suffer earthly torments from the monster. By not completing the request of the creation, Victor handed over the lives of his family and friends. Again, Victor can be held morally responsible for the deaths. Creation tells him to make another life form and everything will be alright. The scientist never realized his mistakes. If he has only taken care of his creation, the deaths of his father, wife, brothers, and sisters could have been avoided. With such a brilliant mind, Victor could have been one of the brightest minds in science. If it were not for the irresponsible beginnings of the experiment, the evil in the creature may have never surfaced. Throughout the novel, Frankenstein, the theme of life and death is pervasive in connection to the moral ignorance of Victor and his monster. Evidently both characters showed a great quantity of wrongdoing; however the awaiting actions are all start from one: the creation of life from science. This was thought of as an impossible task, but would prove to be Frankensteins foremost dream and goal for his youth and adolescence. Not realizing the severity of the consequences; Victor succeeded in breeding his creature, which would ironically lead to his future destruction. Being unaware to what a creature might do without the proper nourishment from family or friends, Dr. Frankenstein shunned his own creation even though he had the obligation as a parent to foster his child. However, not only did Victor overlook the proper care for his creation, but he also cursed and criticized the appearance of the wretched monster. Frankenstein assembled the beast to look inhuman and rejected what he purposely created. The grotesque look of his child not only repelled his master, but also disgusted the rest of society. Although Victor did not physically commit murder, his denial as a father to his imperfect being was in fact killing the monster from the start. mention the part when F sees monster for the first time It is now obvious that Victor was the most morally irresponsible. He tried to forget his past, as he did not want to be linked with that daemon which was created by his own hands. Frankenstein exhibited selfishness along with small-mindedness. He first ignored his family upon creating his child and then ignored his child upon escaping his workplace. Victor did not think twice and failed to resolve the problem before it augmented. Just a baby being brought into a new and evidently prejudice world, his creation did not know what to do. The monster had to survive in the dangerous world alone with no one to love or give love in return. He had no one to help him, no one to teach him, no one to feed him, no one to even talk to him. Whenever he helped humans, he would always receive harm. He harmed mankind because they harmed him first. Unquestionably, if he were treated with love, he would return the love tenfold. However, Frankenstein was responsible for the miss-education of the child and for the actions of the child. Moreover, Frankenstein was responsible for the deaths of his friends and family. Being the cause of his own unfortunate destiny, Dr. Victor Frankenstein is clearly the one who demonstrated the least moral responsibility. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Sociology comparing material to book Essay Example for Free

Sociology comparing material to book Essay The Youth, the combustible younger generation as we call it, is the backbone of any society or country. Dynamic and motivated youth is the asset of the country. Dejected and frustrated youth is the liability. This section of the society if remains dissatisfied, leads to several social evils and problems. In this book, Jay MacLeod provides details about the Clarendon Heights, a low-income American Housing Project. But the problems are not exclusive of the Clarendon Heights. What is mentioned in the project is the mirror of the prevailing state of affairs and shows how the youth struggle against poverty, issues related to defeatism and racial discrimination. MacLeod’s elucidation of the problem is open and straight. He explains how the same old discrimination between the whites and the blacks attains new dimensions in the present era. In his writing, he highlights about two study groups. One is the black minority group called The Brothers and the second group is of white youths called the Hallway Hangers. MacLeod’s question is, and it is the question of all the right-thinking g people, as to why the group of the blacks is discriminated against on all counts. The notions of equality etc. repeated from several platforms are hypocritical in nature. They are far away from truth and the ground realities, according to Macleod. Perceptible discrimination exists between the two groups. MacLeod’s question is, having been bestowed with the same educational and living conditions, why the aspirations of then two groups are different. The American system and law doesn’t discriminate against any citizen black or white. Where lays the difficulty then to achieve the identical goals for the two groups! He identifies the nature of social structure that causes the problem. MacLeod next examines whether inequality can be remedied by education. Education does some damage control exercise but it too cannot provide the final solution. The problems engulf more than one area social, economic, cultural, race etc. The prevailing conditions amongst the youth relate to the admixture of all these aspects. MacLeod is the research scholar and therefore his approach is methodical and well-studied. He has interviewed many youth and youth groups of both the races and the discussions involve many problematic subjects of the materialistic civilization, like sex, drugs, parents, poverty, parents, crime etc. The perseverance of the author is noticeable as he revisits the same youths, putting them questions as for their aspirations, attainments within this period and the experiences. The book, therefore, is a story related to reality. The continuing conflicts between the cultures and sub-cultures, their impact on social disposition of various sections have been explained thoroughly in the book. Adolescent struggles are no ordinary struggles. They build or break the personality and life of an individual. Macleod has tried to give an honest analysis of all these interesting trends taking shape in the America mainly in the youth section and the society as a whole consequently. They say, â€Å"It is better to deserve without receiving, than to receive without deserving†, but the modern youth is not always ready to digest the philosophy of doing one’s duty and waiting indefinitely for the results. They compare the prospectus and progress of each other. Human tendencies like envy and heart-burning play the dominant role. The root cause of the social conflicts is the dissatisfaction in the individual minds. The suppressed thought processes give rise to violent action processes, and are an impediment to healthy progress of the society. Every class has some permanent assets and liabilities associated with its class structure. Take for example the important concepts of Bourdie’s social reproduction theory. Working class children tend to follow and end up with working class jobs. But with the changing times, and extensive career counseling available, individual choices do play a predominant role. It is not surprising now to see a cab driver’s son owning a flourishing transport business, and the offspring of an unskilled mechanic turning out to be a brilliant mechanical engineer. The views on class structure of other theorists such as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx, are also part of the truth, but not the absolute truth. They hold good for a particular stage of the class struggle, and once the desired stage of economic prosperity is reached, they suffer from contradictions and demand change. Coming to the linguistic approach exposed by Basil Berstein and Shirley Brice, the restricted linguistic codes used by the working class children put them in a disadvantageous position since their counterpart use specialized codes which are the ones normally used in the academic setting in the schools. The working class families possess a strong desire that their children should be better off as compared to their status. Most of them are explicitly interested in improving the lot of their children for which the first step is to provide them with proper level of education Basic conditions need to be created by the Government, for the people to become basically sound and industrious. Opportunities provided by industrial evolution, materialistic civilization and internet revolution make children of working class families turn out to brilliant scholars and establish industrial empires. What is required of the education system is, it must have the intrinsic capacity to change the thought process of an individual. Only when the thought process is changed, the action process will also change. Society changes for the better when the overall action process changes. This is what is called self-actualization with intrinsic motivation. Philosophically speaking, you are the creator of your destiny, not the victim. Even speaking scientifically, every action has the reaction and the intensity of the reaction is in proportion to the intensity of the action. Which means, the well-meaning efforts are bound to fructify and will make individual prosperity an attainable reality though one’s well-directed efforts. Which is the authentic and real American Society? Is it, as described by Jay Macleod, â€Å"Horatio Alger’s accounts of the spectacular mobility achieved by men of humble origins through their own unremitting efforts occupy a treasured place in our national folklore? The American dream is held out as a genuine prospect for anyone with the drive to achieve it. † (Macleod, 1995,p, 3) or as told to us about Freddie, â€Å"I ain’t goin’ to college. Who wants to go to college? I’d just end up getting’ a shitty job anyway. †Ã¢â‚¬â€this statement pronounced with certitude and feeling, completely contradicts our achievement ideology. †(Macleod, 1995,p, 3) These two statements provide the true picture of the American society today and the state of mind of the younger generation. When the torch is passed on from one generation to the next generation, it depends what the new generation does with what their forefathers and parents left and from where they left. In the absence of the take-off ground and facilities, they go round and round, unable to achieve any progress. MacLeod links individual lives with social theory to forge a powerful argument about how inequality is created, sustained, and accepted in the United States. The book provides the perspective of the achievement ideology and explains how it is not possible for everyone to climb the ladder of social mobility. The author is an honest critic of the prevailing conditions in the U. S. society. His discussions are engaging and you rightly guess that it is the power of the pen of the professional. Some critics say that the book is the socialist junk. What Macleod does is to point out where America’s much acclaimed capitalist model has failed or needs modifications. It is, therefore, not correct to label him as a socialist. His views about racism and socioeconomic discrimination are strong and without reservations. Given the ground realities in US, it is wise to accept his views than to offer unsubstantiated criticism. Macleod cleverly explains both the groups studied by him failed to get out of poverty due to reasons other than racial discrimination. Poor aspirations and lack of determination contributed to their stationary position in the social ladder of prosperity. He also explains how societal structures limit and restrict the actions of the individuals and curb the upward mobility. Unlike thinkers like Gramsci, MacLeod doesn’t’ believe that Communist Revolution can ever ambush America, and he thinks that the remedy of communist philosophy is worst than the capitalistic disease. Speaking about individual cases, Macleod points out that all the subjects interviewed by him, had regrets about their non-performance when they should have worked hard. Shirking responsibility and buttering people can never bring permanent success for one in life. Many had regrets that they did not work hard at schools and thus wasted their opportunities. The contents of the book provide insight in to the lives of the teenagers in U. S. , both whites and blacks. Laziness could be one of the reasons for poverty, but according to the author there are other barriers that cry a halt to the progress and make the people remain poor. Segregation may be legally dead in USA, but in reality the tremors of segregation are still felt in many walks of life of the black people. It revels at the mind-level. It is easy for the people from the Upper Class to sit on the ivory tower and dub the poor as lazy and good-for-nothing. Macleod’s sense of metaphor makes the examples provided by him appealing and they add to the strength of his arguments. References Cited: Macleod, Jay: Book: Aint no Makin It. Expanded Edition: Paperback: 336 pages Publisher: Westview Press (July 11, 1995) Language: English ISBN-10: 0813315158 ISBN-13: 978-0813315157

Performance of Unified Power Quality Conditioner

Performance of Unified Power Quality Conditioner ABSTRACT Power electronics is playing an important role in transmission and utilization of electrical power due to its capability of processing electric power in most efficient and cost-effective way. However, the nonlinear characteristics of power electronic devices give rise to two important limitations; they generate harmonics and draw lagging current from the utility. In recent years unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is being used as a universal active power conditioning device to compensate both harmonics as well as reactive power. UPQC is an advanced version of unified power flow controller (UPFC). The performance of UPQC mainly depends upon how quickly and accurately compensation signals are derived. The UPQC mitigates harmonics and provides reactive power to the power systems network so as to improve the power factor close to unity. The UPQC is a combination of shunt active and series active power filters connected through a dc bus. The shunt active filter of UPQC acts as a current source for injecting compensating current through a shunt transformer, whereas, the series active filter acts as a voltage source for feeding compensating voltage through a series transformer. The aim of the dissertation work is to study the control strategies of UPQC based on PI controller and fuzzy logic controller in detail. In the case of PI controller, the dc link voltage is sensed at regular intervals and is compared with a reference value. The error signal thus derived is processed in a PI controller. A limit is put on the output of the controller to ensure that the shunt active power filter supplies active power of the load through the series active power filter. The fuzzy logic controller is basically nonlinear and adaptive in nature. This gives a robust performance in the cases where the effects of parameter variation of controller are also taken into consideration. It is a well established fact that the fuzzy logic controller yields results that are superior to those obtained as compare to those obtained through conventional controllers such as PI and PID because of the fact that it is based on linguistic variable set theory and does not require a mathematical model. Generally, the input variables are error and rate of change of error. If the error if coarse, the fuzzy controller provide coarse tuning to the output variable and if the error is fine it provides fine tuning of the output variable. The present thesis investigates PI controller and fuzzy logic controller as concerned to UPQC application for power quality improvement. The UPQC is studied and its advantages over conventional APFs and UPFC are discussed in detail. The relevant mathematical models and equations to explain the working of UPFC are derived for both the cases (PI controller and fuzzy logic controller).The relevant simulations are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink. The result obtained reveals that the fuzzy logic controller gives better dynamic performance than the PI controller for power quality improvement. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Theory The electrical power system consisting of generation, transmission and distribution system are based on alternative voltage and currents. When linear load consisting of inductances, capacitances and resistances are connected to the power system the sine wave is preserved and the system components are said to be linear. Traditionally, linear loads consume major part of electrical power. However situation has changed now as more and more electrical power are being developed using power electronic devices due to their energy efficiency and control. Power electronic devices possess inherent non linear characteristics. The nonlinear characteristics of this devices results in two important limitations, drawing of large reactive volt-amperes and injection of harmonics into the utility. Large reactive volt-amperes drawn from the utility leads to increase voltage drops at various buses. The harmonics increase the losses in transformers, generators, motors, capacitors, conductors, etc. some of the control devices interfaced with the utility starts malfunctioning due to excessive harmonic currents. As the non linear load consists of the major portion of the total load for the last two three decades, reactive power compensation and harmonic filtering have received a great deal of attention. To restrict the consumers against excessive loading VARs and harmonics, stricter standards has been laid down by the utilities. Most popular among them is standard 519-1992 [1]. Static VAR compensators using thyristor switched capacitors (TSC) and thyristor control inductors (TCI) [2], [3] have been traditionally used for reactive power compensation. As the VAR generated in these schemes are directly proportional to the energy storage capability of capacitors and inductors, there is considerable increase in the size of these elements when the VARs to be compensated are large. Moreover TSC and TCI produce additional current harmonics. Therefore shunt passive filters require filtering them out. Active power filter (APF) using voltage or current source inverter can be used for reactive power compensation and harmonic filtering together. The major advantage of using voltage source or current source inverter is that the size of the energy storing element is drastically reduced as compare to TSC or TCI. The shunt APF is the most commonly used APF. The power circuit of shunt APF is shown in Fig. 1.1. In shunt APF, a reactive volt ampere calculation estimates the real component of the load current, Ipland then determines the resistive component of the load current by subtracting Ipl from IL(Iql= IL-Ipl). If nonlinearity present in the load current, it is present in Iql as well. Since compensation current Icomp is made to follow Iql, load harmonics also get eliminated. Apart from shunt APF various other APF topologies such as series active filter, hybrid series active filter and power line conditioner have been proposed in the literature. The series active filter as shown in Fig. 1.2 is connected in series with supply mains using a matching transformer. Its limitation is that the presence of active impedance in series with source produces voltage harmonics. IL = Ipl +Iql Source Icomp = Iql Source Source side Series transformer Load side Shunt transformer DC Link Capacitor Converter 1 converter 2 Using combine series APF and shunt APF unified power flow controller (UPFC) realized, which performs active power compensation, reactive power compensation and phase angle regulation. UPFC believed to be the most complete power conditioning device. But as the time changes, problem also changes. Now days electrical engineers facing problem regarding harmonic compensation, voltage sag and voltage flickering and UPFC is not able to overcome these problems. So a new concept based on UPFC derived called unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) as shown in Fig. 1.3, which performs all the basic functions of UPFC in addition it also compensate for current /voltage harmonics with constant voltage maintenance at load terminals. 1.2 Unified Power Quality Conditioner The UPQC is the most versatile and complex of the FACTS devices, combining the features of the STATCOM and the SSSC. The UPQC can provide simultaneous control of all basic power system parameters, transmission voltage harmonic compensation, impedance and phase angle. It is recognized as the most sophisticated power flow controller currently, and probably the most expensive one. The basic components of the UPQC are two voltage source inverters (VSIs) sharing a common dc storage capacitor, and connected to the power system through coupling transformers. One VSI is connected to in shunt to the transmission system via a shunt transformer, while the other one is connected in series through a series transformer. A basic UPQC functional scheme is shown in Fig.1.3. The series inverter is controlled to inject a symmetrical three phase voltage system of controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with the line to control active and reactive power flows on the transmission line. So, this i nverter will exchange active and reactive power with the line. The reactive power is electronically provided by the series inverter, and the active power is transmitted to the dc terminals. The shunt inverter is operated in such a way as to demand this dc terminal power (positive or negative) from the line keeping the voltage across the storage capacitor Vdc constant. So, the net real power absorbed from the line by the UPQC is equal only to the losses of the inverters and their transformers. The remaining capacity of the shunt inverter can be used to exchange reactive power with the line so to provide a voltage regulation at the connection point [8]-[11]. A conventional UPQC topology is comprised of the integration of two active power filters connected back to back to a common dc link bus. A simple block diagram of a typical UPQC is shown in Fig. 1.4. The first active filter connected in series through an injection transformer is commonly termed as series filters (SF). It acts as a controlled voltage generator. It has capability of voltage imbalance compensation, voltage regulation and harmonic compensation at the utility-consumer PCC. In addition to this, it provides harmonic isolation between a sub-transmission system and a distribution system. A UPQC consists of combination of shunt active filter and series active filter with a common dc link as shown in Fig. 1.4. The dc link capacitor allows the active power generated by the shunt active filter and active power drawn by the series filter to be same. Further dc link capacitor increases or decreases with respect to rated voltage which depends upon power generated and absorbed by both active filter can be choosen independently which gives flexibility to the power outlet. The performance of these active filters is based on three basic design criteria. They are: Design of power inverter (semiconductor switches, inductances, capacitors, dc voltage); PWM control method (hysteresis, triangular carrier, periodical sampling); Method used to obtain the current reference or the control strategy used to generate the reference template. Both series voltage control and shunt current control involve use of voltage source converters. Both these inverters each consisting of six IGBTs with anti parallel diode connected with each IGBT are operated in current control mode employing PWM control technique. Capacitor is used as an interface between the two back to back connected inverters and the voltage across it acts as the dc voltage source driving the inverters The two VSIs can work independently of each other by separating the dc side. So in that case, the shunt inverter is operating as a STATCOM that generates or absorbs reactive power to regulate the voltage magnitude at the connection point. Instead, the series inverter is operating as SSSC that generates or absorbs reactive power to regulate the current flow, and hence the power flows on the transmission line. The UPQC has many possible operating modes. In particular, the shunt inverter is operating in such a way to inject a controllable current into the transmission line. The shunt inverter can be controlled in two different modes: (1) VAR Control Mode:The reference input is an inductive or capacitive VAR request. The shunt inverter control translates the VAR reference into a corresponding shunt current request and adjusts gating of the inverter to establish the desired current. For this mode of control a feedback signal representing the dc bus voltage, Vdc, is also required. (2)Automatic Voltage Control Mode:The shunt inverter reactive current is automatically regulated to maintain the transmission line voltage at the point of connection to a reference value.. The series inverter controls the magnitude and angle of the voltage injected in series with the line to influence the power flow on the line. The actual value of the injected voltage can be obtained in several ways: Direct Voltage Injection Mode:The reference inputs are directly the magnitude and phase angle of the series voltage. Phase Angle Shifter Emulation mode: The reference input is phase displacement between the sending end voltage and the receiving end voltage. Line Impedance Emulation mode: The reference input is an impedance value to insert in series with the line impedance. Automatic Power Flow Control Mode:The reference inputs are values of active and reactive power to maintain the transmission line despite system changes. A UPQC control strategy should preferably have following attributes: (1) Shunt converter Reactive power control by shunt current injection Real power regulation through dc link capacitor DC capacitor voltage regulation Harmonic compensation (2) Series converter Real reactive power control by series voltage injection Voltage control Phase angle regulation Power factor correction 1.3 Characteristics of UPQC Basic characteristics of UPQC are same as UPFC but UPQC in addition, performs active filtering. The operation of UPQC from the standpoint of conventional power transmission based on reactive shunt compensation, series compensation and phase angle regulation, the UPQC fulfill these functions there by meet multiple control objectives by adding injected voltage with appropriate magnitude and phase angle to the terminal voltage. Using phasor representation, basic UPQC control functions explained: (1)Terminal Voltage Regulation The change in voltage shown in Fig.1.5 is injected in phase or anti phase. UPQC with its series voltage control detects and calculates the required terminal voltage vo to be injected in series with the line to compensate both the dip and swell in the supply voltage. vo + vo vo (2) Series Capacitive Compensation Here, vpq = vc where vcis injected capacitive voltage in quadrature to the line current functionally it is similar to series capacitive and inductive line compensation attained by SSSC as shown in Fig. 1.6. Series inverter in combination with the insertion transformer produces the series injected voltage as calculated to mitigate the effects of the fluctuations of supply voltage by drawing the required power from the dc link. vc vo vo + vc Fig. 1.6 Series capacitive compensation (3) Transmission Angle Regulation Here, vpq = v (ÃŽ ´) is injected with an angular relationship with respect to the voltage that achieves desire phase shift without any change in the magnitude as shown in Fig. 1.7. At any given transmission angle ÃŽ ´, the transmitted real power demand P and reactive power demand at transmission line sending end Qs and receiving end Qr can be freely controlled by UPQC Vc vd ÃŽ ´ vo vo + vÃŽ ´ (4) Multifunction Power Flow Control This property is executed by simultaneous terminal voltage regulation, series capacitive line compensation and phase shifting as shown in Fig.1.8. This function makes UPQC unique device that performs all power quality improvement functions. vc ΔvvÃŽ ´ vpq vo + ÃŽ ´v + vc + vÃŽ ´ (e) Active Filtering The compensating shunt currents generated contain harmonic content of the load current but with opposite polarity such that when they are injected at the point of common coupling the harmonic content of supply current is effectively reduced. As discussed earlier in this chapter. 1.4 Aim of Work This work deals with UPQC, which aims at the integration of series-active and shunt-active power filters. Fig. 1.3 shows the basic system configuration of such a UPQC. In this system, the power supply is assumed to be a three-phase, three-wire system. The two active power filters are composed of two 3-leg voltage source (VSI). The main purpose of the series-APF is harmonic isolation between a sub transmission system and a distribution system. In addition, the series-APF has the capability of voltage imbalance compensation as well as voltage regulation and harmonic compensation at the utility-consumer point of common coupling (PCC). Atthe same time, the main purpose of the shunt- APF is to absorb current harmonics, compensate for active power and reactive power injected by the load. Also, the voltage of the DC link capacitor is controlled to a desired value by the shunt-APF. The aim of the dissertation is to design different control strategies for (UPQC), which is one of the major custom power solutions capable of mitigating the effect of supply voltage sag, swell, flicker and spikes at the load end or at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). It also prevents load current harmonics from entering the utility and corrects the input power factor of the load. Further, the main aim of the dissertation is to implement a control strategy for UPQC, modeling of UPQC using simulink and to analyze the control strategy to use the series voltage injection and shunt current injection for UPQC control The control strategies used here are based on PI controller, fuzzy controller. The relative performance of the two controls is also studied. The present work discusses the compensation principle and different control strategies (PI, Fuzzy) of the UPQC in detail [12]-[15]. The control strategies are modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. The performance of UPQC is examined by considering, a diode rectifier feeding an RL load (non linear load) that acts as a source of harmonics, to the system of concern. The performance is also observed by switching the extra RL load. The simulation results are listed in comparison of different control strategies and for the verification of result [16]-[18]. 1.5 Organization of the Report The report of the work done is organized as follows: Chapter 2 gives brief overview of control strategy of UPQC. In this chapter introduction to dq theory, compensation strategy, basic control function and modeling of UPQC using PI controller discussed with results. Chapter 3 discusses about fuzzy logic controller and implementation in UPQC. Membership functions, rule base table and surface viewer also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 4 gives comparison studied between fuzzy logic controller and PI controller. Simulation results of both are discussed in detail with the help of table and graphs. The last chapter 5 presents important conclusions and future work. Adequate references provided at the end of the chapter. Chapter 2 CONTROL STRATAGEY FOR UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER 2.1 Introduction Control strategy plays vital role in overall performance of power conditioner. Control strategy includes features like rapid detection of harmonic signals by maintaining higher accuracy, fast processing, and faster dynamic response of the controller. The control strategy can be realized using discrete analog and digital devices or advanced programmable devices, such as single chip micro computers, DSPs etc[10]. The control strategy determined by the appropriate switching pattern or signal obtained by compensating gate signal compared obtained by comparing with its reference value. Since derivation of reference signal plays an important role in control strategy, many theories and techniques were proposed in recent years. There are number of control strategies were proposed among them dq method is used in the present work and discussed below: 2.2 dq Transformation It is established that the active filter flows from leading voltage to lagging voltage and reactive power flows from higher voltage to lower voltage. Therefore both active and reactive power can be controlled by controlling the phase and the magnitude of the fundamental component of the converter voltage with respect to line voltage. dq theory provides an independent control of active reactive power by controlling phase and the magnitude of the fundamental component with respect to converter voltage According to the dq control theory three-phase line voltages and line currents are converted in to its equivalent two-phase system called stationary reference frame. These quantities further transformed into reference frame called synchronous reference frame. In synchronous reference frame, the components of current corresponding to active and reactive power are controlled in an independent manner. This three-phase dq transformation and dq to three-phase transformation are discussed in detail in this chapter. The outer loop controls the dc bus voltage and the inner loop controls the line currents. The instantaneous real power at any point on line can be defined by: p =vRIR + vBIb + vCIc (2.1) And we can define instantaneous reactive voltage conceptually as a part of three phase voltage set that could be eliminated at any instant without altering p. Reference frame theory based d-q model of shunt active filter is presented in this section. While dealing with instantaneous voltages and currents in three phase circuits mathematically, it is adequate to express their quantities as the instantaneous space vectors [10]. Vector representation of instantaneous three phase quantities R, Y and B which are displaced by an angle 2Ï€/3 from each other is shown in Fig.2.1 [17]. ÃŽ ² B 90o R ÃŽ ± 120o Y The instantaneous current and voltage space vectors are expressed in terms of instantaneous voltages and currents as: v= [vRvYvB] I = [IR IY IB] (2.2) Instantaneous voltages and currents on the RYB co ordinates can be transformed into the quadrature ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ² coordinates by Clarke Transformation as follows: vÃŽ ±vÃŽ ²v0.=TvRvYvB. (2.3) IÃŽ ±IÃŽ ²I0.=TIRIYIB. (2.4) Where Transformation matrix T=2/31-1/2-1/203/2-3/21/21/21/2 (2.5) Since in a balanced three-phase three-wire system neutral current is zero, the zero sequence current does not exist and zero sequence current can also be eliminated using star delta transformer. These voltages in ÃŽ ±-ÃŽ ² reference frame can further be transformed into rotating d- q reference frame as Fig. 2.2. ÃŽ ² d Y R ÃŽ ± ω B q T1=cosωr-sinωrsinωrcosωr (2.7) Where ωr is the angular velocity of the d- q reference frame as shown in Fig. 2.2. The current components in the d- q reference frame can be similarly obtained using the ÃŽ ±-ÃŽ ² to d-q transformation matrix T1. The unit vector required for this transformation is generated using the grid voltage 2.3 Compensation Strategy vc iL ic VL vs As shown in Fig. 2.3,vs is the supply voltage. vc, Ic are the series compensation voltage, shunt compensation current and vL, iL are the load voltage and current respectively. The source voltage may contain negative, zero as well as harmonic components. The per phase voltage of the system can be expressed as: va=v1pm+sinωtsinÃŽ ¸+valn+k=2∞Vaksin kωt + ÃŽ ¸ka (2.8) Where v1pa is the fundamental frequency positive sequence components, v1naand v10a are negative and zero sequence components respectively. The last term of equation represents the harmonic content in the voltage. In order for the load voltage to be perfectly sinusoidal and balanced, the series filter should produce a voltage of: vah=v1an+v10a+ k=2∞vka sin kωt + ÃŽ ¸ka 2.9 In the latter section, it will be shown how the series-APF can be designed to operate as a controlled voltage source whose output voltage would be automatically controlled according to the above equation. The functions of the shunt active filter is to provide compensation of the load harmonic current, load reactive power demand and also to maintain dc link current constant. To provide load reactive power demand and compensation of the load harmonic and negative sequence currents, the shunt-APF acts as a controlled current source and its output components should include harmonic, reactive and negative-sequence components in order to compensate these quantities in the load current [6]. The per phase load current of shunt active filter is expressed as: Ial=I1pmcos ωt ÃŽ ¸1 + Taln+k=2∞Ialk (2.10) =I1pmcosωt cosÃŽ ¸1 + I1pmsin ωt sin ÃŽ ¸1 k=2∞Ialk (2.11) In order to compensate harmonic current and reactive power demand the shunt active filter should produce a current of: Iah=I1pm+sin ωt sin ÃŽ ¸1 +Ialn+k=2∞Iak (2.12) Then the harmonic, reactive and negative-sequence current will not flow into power source. Hence, the current from the source terminal will be: Ias=Ial-Iah=Ipmcos ωt ÃŽ ¸1 + Taln+k=2∞Ialk (2.13) This is a perfect harmonic free sinusoidal current in phase with voltage. 2.4 Basic Control Function It is evident from above discussion that UPQC should separate out the fundamental frequency positive sequence components first from the other components. Then it is required to control both series and shunt active filter to give output as shown in equations (2.9) and (2.18) respectively. The control strategy uses a PLL based unit vector template for extraction of reference signal from the distorted input supply. The block diagram of extraction of unit vector template is as given in Fig. 2.4. vm va,vb,vc vLa,vLb,vLc The input source voltage at point of common coupling contains fundamental and distorted component. To get unit vector templates of voltage, the input voltage is sensed and multiplied by gain equal to 1/vm, where vm is peak amplitude of fundamental input voltage. These unit vector templates are then passed through a PLL for synchronization of signals. The unit vector templates for different phases are obtained as follows: va=sin ωt vb=sin (ωt-1200) (2.14) vc=sin (ωt+1200) 2.5 Shunt Converter Control The unit vector template of voltage is used to generate the reference signal for shunt APF. The control block diagram of shunt active filter is given in Fig. 2.5. As indicated earlier, the shunt APF compensates current harmonics in addition to maintaining the dc link current at a constant level. To achieve this, dc link current of the UPQC is compared with a constant reference current of magnitude equal to peak of harmonic current [10.]. The error between measured dc link current and reference current is processed in a PI controller. Gatting Signals Ia Ib I vavbvc Iar Ibr Icr dc link Pdc Ploss Idc ref The output of PI controller is added to real power loss component to derive reference source current given as: vÃŽ ±vÃŽ ² = 1/2 -1/2-1/203/2 -3/2 vavbvc (2.15) IÃŽ ±IÃŽ ² =1/2 -1/2-1/203/2 -3/2IaIbIc (2.16) pt=vÃŽ ±tIÃŽ ±t+vÃŽ ²tIÃŽ ²t qt=-vÃŽ ²tIÃŽ ±t+vÃŽ ±tIÃŽ ²t (2.17) In matrix form it is given as: pq = vÃŽ ±vÃŽ ²-vÃŽ ²vÃŽ ± IÃŽ ±IÃŽ ² (2.18) From equation 2.18 the values of p and q can be expressed in terms of dc components plus the ac components as follows: p=p+p q=q+q (2.19) Where p is the dc component of the instantaneous power p, and is related to the fundamental active current. p is the ac component of the imaginary power p, and is related to the harmonic current caused by the ac component of the instantaneous real power q is the dc component of the imaginary instantaneous power q, and is related to the reactive power generated by the fundamental components of voltage and current qis the ac component of the instantaneous imaginary power q, and is related to the harmonic current caused by the ac component of instantaneous reactive power. To compute harmonic free unity power factor, three-phase currents, compensating powers pc and qc are selected as: pc = pldc + ploss (2.20) qc = 0 Where, plossis the instantaneous active power corresponding to the switching loss and resistive loss of UPQC. The total instantaneous active power is calculated by adding real power loss due to switching as shown in Fig.2.5. The orthogonal components of the fundamental current are obtained as follows: IÃŽ ±IÃŽ ² = vÃŽ ±vÃŽ ²-vÃŽ ²vÃŽ ± pcqc (2.21) The a-b-c components of fundamental reference current are obtained as follows: i*sai*sbi*sc =2/30-1/31/3-1/31/3IÃŽ ±IÃŽ ² (2.22) The reference currents are then; compared with actual source current in a hystresis controller band to derive the switching signals to shunt inverter. 2.6 Series Converter Control In order for the load voltage to be perfectly sinusoidal and balanced, the series filter should produce a voltage equal to equation (2.9). The reference load voltages are obtained by multiplying the unit vector templates with a constant equal to peak amplitude of fundamental input voltage. The compensation signals for series filter are thus obtained by comparing these reference load voltages with actual source voltage using equation (2.23). v*fa=vsa-vmva v*fa=vsb-vmvb v*fa=vsc-vmvc (2.23) The control of the series-active power filter is given in Fig. 2.6. The series-APF should behave as a controlled voltage source and its output should follow the pattern of voltage given in equation (2.9). This compensating voltage signal can be obtained by comparing the actual load terminal voltage with the desired value. These compensation signals are compared with actual signals at the terminals of series filter and the error is taken to hystresis controller to generate the required gating signal for series filter as shown in Fig. 2.6. vla v v*fa Gatting va signal v*fb vb v*fa vlb vfa vfb vfc Fig. 2.6 Control block diagram of series-APF 2.7 Modeling of UPQC The three-phase system shown in Fig. 2.7 is considered for verifying the performance of UPQC. Three-phase source feeding this system at one end. For the best performance, UPQC is placed at the midpoint of the system as shown in Fig. 2.7. UPQC is placed between two sections B1and B2 of the transmission line. The complete system parameters are given in Table 2.1. The STATCOM model in UPQC is connected in shunt with transmission line using step down transformer. the voltage can be regulated to improve the voltage stability of the power system. Thus the main function of the STATCOM is to regulate key bus voltage magnitude by dynamically absorbing or generating power to the ac transmission line. The SSSC which is connected by series transformer with transmission line generates three-phase voltage of controllable magnitude and phase angle. This voltage injection in series with the transmission line is almost in quadrature with the line current and hence emulates an equivalent inductive or capacitive reactance in series with the transmission line. A small part of this injected voltage is in phase with the transmission line current supplying the required losses in the Inverter Bridge and transformer. Three-phase AC source Rated voltage 11 kV Frequency 50 Hz SC level 200 MVA Base voltage 11 KV X/R 8 Transmission line parameters Resistance of the line 0.01273 ÃŽ ©/km

Ernest Hemingway :: essays research papers

Ernest Hemingway best exemplifies his hero code in his novels The Sun Also Rises and The Old Man and The Sea through his protagonists Jake Barnes and Santiago. The honor code for each of these characters means avoiding and struggling against the meaninglessness of life (nada) and instead embracing a passion for life which they demonstrate by means of their actions and feelings. The Hemingway code embodies principles that govern the actions of Hemingway’s main protagonists in his novels. They are “rules which if completed would become...the manual of conduct'; (Waldhorn 26). As Arthur Waldhorn says “the Hemingway code does not ask that a hero be fearless or entertain illusions about refuge or escape. But it insists that he discipline and control his dread and, above all, that he behave with unobtrusive though unmistakable dignity'; (26). “The code that does concern Hemingway and his tyros is the process of learning how to make one’s passive vulnerabilities (to the dangers and unpredictabilities of life) into a strong rather than weak position, and how to exact the maximum amount of reward (honor, dignity) out of these encounters'; (Rovit 92). In advance, a character knows what is expected of him in the game of life, although he does not know what combination of challenges will be imposed on him at any one given time (91). Heming way’s belief in the freedom of the individual to make responsible choices was paid for at the painful expense of having to constantly wage battle with the unpredictable future. Because a character does not know what will happen to him, he must endure whatever challenges are thrown upon him. This ability to react to a variety of differing challenges is only acquired through training and experience of each unique challenge (91). Not only must Hemingway’s hero face the unpredictablilities of life with honor and dignity, but he must also face the challenges alone. “Each man faces his struggle alone...for only as solitary individuals can they assert their manhood'; (Weeks 165). Robert Weeks states that a man must depend upon himself alone in order to assert his manhood, and the assertion of his manhood, in the face of insuperable obstacles, is the complete end and justification of his existence for the Hemingway hero (164). While alone man can make promises to himself but if he fails he must be able to forgive himself for his mistakes and inadequacies (Rovit 97).

Heart Of Darkness :: essays research papers

Final Rewrite   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marlow, the speaker of the story, states that them going to Africa is no different than in previous years the Romans entering England. He describes the struggles that the Romans had to go through like the savage inhabitants, diseases, weather, and even to some it meant death. He says that the Romans were conquerors and their only goal was to rob other countries by brute strength, while the British were colonizers who tried to make changes for the better wherever they went.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The monologue isn’t very clear but to me it says that England was a dark place not too long ago. Compared to the existence of the earth 1900 years ago was like yesterday. Also, technology hasn’t changed much and there are many dark places still left on this earth. The things that are intense and seem most important in ones life are insignificant in time. He uses words like â€Å"a running blaze on a plain† and â€Å"flash of lightning in the clouds† to emphasize the quickness of time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The commander sees England as a place like the men see Africa. It is a â€Å"sea the colour of lead† and â€Å"sky the color of smoke† which makes it a dark and gloomy place. There isn’t much to do around as they are on the boat because they can’t dock anywhere and there are â€Å"savages† that would probably sabotage their things if not kill them. Even though the journey might have been scary for them, the commander kept himself happy by thinking that if he survives the journey and gets back to Rome he might get a promotion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The young citizen goes on the trip to â€Å"mend his fortunes†. He goes out to see what England is like and is simply mesmerized by the power of the wilderness. He thinks that there really isn’t a way to fight against it to survive even though you seem powerless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marlow contrast the â€Å"conquerors† to the â€Å"colonists† by showing their reasons for exploration. The Romans were out to conquer the world and they were robbing countries of their land. Their strength rose from the weakness of others and they did what they could to get the most land possible. The Romans were lesser men by doing this. The English at least had a reason to go to Africa.

Earthquakes Essay example -- essays research papers

I chose to research earthquakes and the prediction of earthquakes because I was curious as to how they work. In this paper, I will discus the history of earthquakes, the kinds and locations of earthquakes, earthquake effects, intensity scales, prediction, and my own predictions. An earthquake can be defined as vibrations produced in the earth's crust. Tectonic plates have friction between them which builds up as it tries to push away and suddenly ruptures and then rebounds. The vibrations can range from barely noticeable to a disastrous, and destructive act of nature. Six kinds of shock waves are generated in the process. Two are classified as body waves, that is, they travel through the inside of the earth and the other four are surface waves. The waves are further classified by the kinds of motions they incur to rock particles. Primary or compressional waves, known as P waves, send particles moving back and forth in the same direction as the waves are traveling, as secondary or transverse shear waves, known as S waves, create vibrations perpendicular to their direction of travel. P waves always travel at faster speeds than S waves, so whenever an earthquake occurs, P waves are the first to arrive and to be recorded at geophysical research stations worldwide. During ancient times very little was know about. Some of the ancient Greek philosophers connected earthquakes to underground winds, where others blamed them on fires in the depths of the earth. Around AD 130 the Chinese scholar Chang Heng, believing that waves must ripple through the earth from the source of an earthquake, created a bronze object to record the directions of such waves. Eight balls were carefully balanced in the mouths of eight dragons placed around the outside of the object. When a passing earthquake occurred the wave would cause one or more of the balls to drop. Earthquake waves were observed in this and other ways for centuries, but more scientific theories as to the causes of quakes were not proposed until modern times. One such concept was recreated and advanced in 1859 by an Irish engineer, Robert Mallet. Perhaps recalling on his knowledge of the strength and behavior of construction materials, Robert Mallet proposed that earthquakes occurred "either by sudden flexure and constraint of the elastic materials forming a portion of the earth's crust or by their giving way an... ...orth of the earthquake that occurred the day before, this time I was wrong, there were two that occurred near the San Francisco bay area and none within a 50 mile radius of my approximation. The next couple days I predicted earthquakes that were within a 100 mile radius than were they actually occurred. From my experiments I concluded that predicting earthquakes was easy, you just have to pick a spot on the fault. The only thing that troubled me and probably most scientists, is magnitude, there is no possible way of predicting an earthquakes magnitude. Which is what we are really trying to predict. Earthquakes happen all the time, but what we are really trying to figure out how to predict is when a major earthquake is going to occur. I learned that earthquakes are almost unpredictable, and devastating acts of nature. I also learned how earthquakes occur and almost all of the "earthquake dictionary". There is still alot more to be known about earthquakes that we still do not know about today. Prediction of large earthquakes is still under development, where prediction of small, unnoticeable earthquakes can be easy to predict because they happen mainly around fault lines.

History Of Medical Tourism Health And Social Care Essay

Medical touristry is defined as patient motion from extremely developed states to less developed countries of the universe for medical attention by short-circuiting services offered in their ain communities. Medical touristry is different from the traditional theoretical account of international medical travel where patients by and large journey from less developed states to major medical centres in extremely developed states for medical intervention that is unavailable in their ain communities. While the general definition of the MT above screens most of the facets of the phenomenon, there is no international consensus yet on the name of the phenomenon. MT is frequently related to globalisation and neo-liberal health care policies which in this instance considered to sabotage the quality and measure of the services available to middle xlass in place states. Servicess typically sought by travellers include elected processs every bit good as complex specialised surgeries such as joint replacing ( knee/hip ) , cardiac surgery, dental surgery, and decorative surgeries. Persons with rare familial upsets may go to another state where intervention of these conditions is better understood. However, virtually every type of wellness attention, including psychopathology, alternate interventions, convalescent attention and even burial services are available. Over 50 states have identified medical touristry as a national industry. However, accreditation and other steps of quality vary widely across the Earth, and some finishs may go risky or even unsafe for medical tourers.HistoryThe first recorded case of medical touristry day of the months back 1000s of old ages to when Greek pilgrims traveled from all over the Mediterranean to the little district in the Saronic Gulf called Epidauria. This district was the sanctuary of the healing God Asklepios. Epidauria became the original travel finish for medical touristry. Spa towns and sanatoriums may be considered an early signifier of medical touristry. In 18th century England, for illustration, patients visited watering places because they were topographic points with purportedly health-giving mineral Waterss, handling diseases from urarthritis to liver upsets and bronchitis.DescriptionFactors that have led to the increasing popularity of medical travel include the high cost of wellness attention, long wait times for certain processs, the easiness and affordability of international travel, and betterments in both engineering and criterions of attention in many states. The turning away of waiting times is the taking factor for medical touristry from the UK, whereas in the US, the chief ground is cheaper monetary values abroad. In 2009, there were 60,000 patients traveling for intervention abroad in the UK. Many surgery processs performed in medical touristry finishs cost a fraction of the monetary value they do in the First World. For illustration a liver graft that costs $ 300,000 USD in America costs about $ 91,000 USD in Taiwan. A big draw to medical travel is convenience and velocity. States that operate public health-care systems are frequently so taxed that it can take considerable clip to acquire non-urgent medical attention. Using Canada as an illustration, an estimated 782,936 Canadians exhausted clip on medical waiting lists in 2005, waiting an norm of 9.4 hebdomads. Canada has set waiting-time benchmarks, e. g. 26 hebdomads for a hip replacing and 16 hebdomads for cataract surgery, for non-urgent medical processs. Medical tourers come from a assortment of locations including Europe, the Middle East, Japan, the United States, and Canada. Factors that drive demand for medical services abroad in First World states include: big populations, relatively high wealth, the high disbursal of wellness attention or deficiency of wellness attention options locally, and progressively high outlooks of their populations with regard to wellness attention. In First World states like the United States medical touristry has big growing chances and potentially destabilizing deductions. A prognosis by Deloitte Consulting published in August 2008 projected that medical touristry arising in the US could leap by a factor of 10 over the following decennary. An estimated 750,000 Americans went abroad for wellness attention in 2007, and the study estimated that a million and a half would seek wellness attention outside the US in 2008. The growing in medical touristry has the possible to be US wellness attention suppliers one million millions of dollars in lost gross. An authorization at the Harvard Business School late stated that â€Å" medical touristry is promoted much more to a great extent in the United Kingdom than in the United States † . Additionally, some patients in some First World states are happening that insurance either does non cover orthopaedic surgery ( such as knee/hip replacing ) or limits the pick of the installation, sawbones, or prosthetics to be used. Medical touristry for knee/hip replacings has emerged as one of the more widely accepted processs because of the lower cost and minimum troubles associated with the going to/from the surgery. Popular medical travel worldwide finishs include: Argentina, Brunei, Cuba, Colombia, Costa Rica, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Jordan, Lithuania, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, and late, Saudi Arabia, UAE, South Korea, Tunisia, Ukraine, and New Zealand. Popular decorative surgery travel finishs include: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Turkey, Thailand and Ukraine. In South America, states such as Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Colombia lead on plastic surgery medical accomplishments trusting on their experient plastic sawboness. In Bolivia and Colombia, plastic surgery has besides become rather common. Harmonizing to the â€Å" SociedadBoliviana de CirugiaPlastica y Reconstructiva † , more than 70 % of center and upper category adult females in the state hold had some signifier of plastic surgery. Colombia besides provides advanced attention in cardiovascular and graft surgery. In Europe Belgium, Poland, Slovakia, and Ukraine are besides interrupting into the concern. South Africa is taking the term â€Å" medical touristry † really literally by advancing their â€Å" medical campaign † . A specialised subset of medical touristry is generative touristry and generative outsourcing, which is the pattern of going abroad to undergo in-vitro fertilisation, foster gestation and other aided generative engineering interventions including stop deading embryos for retro-production. However, perceptual experiences of medical touristry are non ever positive. In topographic points like the US, which has high criterions of quality, medical touristry is viewed as hazardous. In some parts of the universe, wider political issues can act upon where medical tourers will take to seek out wellness attention. Health touristry suppliers have developed as mediators to unify possible medical tourers with supplier infirmaries and other organisations. Companies are get downing to offer planetary wellness attention options that will enable North American and European patients to entree universe wellness attention at a fraction of the cost of domestic attention. Companies that focus on medical value travel typically provide nurse instance directors to help patients with pre- and post-travel medical issues. They besides help supply resources for follow-up attention upon the patient ‘s return.ProcedureThe typical procedure is as follows: the individual seeking medical intervention abroad contacts a medical touristry supplier. The supplier normally requires the patient to supply a medical study, including the nature of complaint, local physician ‘s sentiment, medical history, and diagnosing, and may bespeak extra information. Certified physicians or advisers so rede on the medical inter vention. The approximative outgo, pick of infirmaries and tourer finishs, and continuance of stay, etc. , is discussed. After subscribing consent bonds and understandings, the patient is given recommendation letters for a medical visa, to be procured from the concerned embassy. The patient travels to the finish state, where the medical touristry supplier assigns a instance executive, who takes attention of the patient ‘s adjustment, intervention and any other signifier of attention. Once the intervention is done, the patient can stay in the tourer finish or return place.International health care accreditationChief article: International health care accreditation International health care accreditation is the procedure of attesting a degree of quality for health care suppliers and plans across multiple states. International healthcare accreditation organisations certify a broad scope of healthcare plans such as infirmaries, primary attention centres, medical conveyance, and ambulatory attention services. The oldest international accrediting organic structure is Accreditation Canada, once known as the Canadian Council on Health Services Accreditation, which accredited the Bermuda Hospital Board every bit shortly as 1968. Since so, it has accredited infirmaries and wellness service organisations in ten other states. In the United States, the accreditation group Joint Commission International ( JCI ) has been inspecting and recognizing wellness attention installations and infirmaries outside of the United States since 1999. Many international infirmaries today see obtaining international accreditation as a manner to pull American patients. Joint Commission International is a relation of the Joint Commission in the United States. Both are US-style independent private sector not-for-profit organisations that develop nationally and internationally recognized processs and criterions to assist better patient attention and safety. They work with infirmaries to assist them run into Joint Commission criterions for patient attention and so recognize those infirmaries run intoing the criterions. QHA Trent Accreditation, based in the UK, is an active independent holistic accreditation strategy. The different international health care accreditation strategies vary in quality, size, cost, purpose and the accomplishment and strength of their selling. They besides vary in footings of cost to infirmaries and health care establishments doing usage of them. A prognosis by Deloitte Consulting sing medical touristry published in August 2008 noted the value of accreditation in guaranting quality of health care and specifically mentioned JCI, ISQUA and Trent. Increasingly, some infirmaries are looking towards double international accreditation, possibly holding both JCI to cover possible US patronage, QHA Trent for possible British and European patronage, and Accreditation Canada. As a consequence of competition between clinics for American medical tourers, there have been enterprises to rank infirmaries based on patient-reported prosodies. Other organisations supplying parts to quality patterns include: The United Kingdom Accreditation Forum ( UKAF ) is an constituted web of accreditation organisations with the purpose of sharing experience good pattern and new thoughts around the methodological analysis for accreditation plans, covering issues such as developing healthcare quality criterions, execution of criterions within healthcare organisations, appraisal by equal reappraisal and geographic expedition of the equal reappraisal techniques to include the enlisting, preparation, monitoring and rating of equal referees and the mechanisms for awards of commissioned position to organisations.HazardsMedical touristry carries some hazards that locally-provided medical attention does non. Some states, such as India, Malaysia, or Thailand have really different infective disease-related epidemiology to Europe and North America. Exposure to diseases without holding built up natural unsusceptibility can be a jeopardy for diminished persons, specifically with regard to GI diseases ( e.g. Hepatitis A, amebic dysentery, paratyphoid ) which could weaken advancement and expose the patient to mosquito-transmitted diseases, grippe, and TB. However, because in hapless tropical states diseases run the gamut, physicians seem to be more unfastened to the possibility of sing any infective disease, including HIV, TB, and enteric fever, while there are instances in the West where patients were systematically misdiagnosed for old ages because such diseases are perceived to be â€Å" rare † in the West. The quality of post-operative attention can besides change dramatically, depending on the infirmary and state, and may be different from US or European criterions. Besides, going long distances shortly after surgery can increase the hazard of complications. Long flights and decreased mobility associated with window seats can predispose one towards developing deep vena thrombosis and potentially a pneumonic intercalation. Other holiday activities can be debatable as good – for illustration, cicatrixs may go darker and more noticeable if they sunburn while mending. Besides, wellness installations handling medical tourers may miss an equal ailments policy to cover suitably and reasonably with ailments made by disgruntled patients. Differences in healthcare supplier criterions around the universe have been recognised by the World Health Organization, and in 2004 it launched the World Alliance for Patient Safety. This organic structure assists infirmaries and authorities around the universe in puting patient safety policy and patterns that can go peculiarly relevant when supplying medical touristry services. If there are complications, the patient may necessitate to remain in the foreign state for longer than planned or if they have returned place, will non hold easy entree for follow up attention.Legal issuesReceiving medical attention abroad may subject medical tourers to unfamiliar legal issues. The limited nature of judicial proceeding in assorted states is one ground for the lower cost of attention overseas. While some states presently showing themselves as attractive medical touristry finishs provide some signifier of legal redresss for medical malpractice, these legal avenues may be unappealing to the medical tourer. Should jobs originate, patients might non be covered by equal personal insurance or might be unable to seek compensation via malpractice cases. Hospitals and/or physicians in some states may be unable to pay the fiscal amendss awarded by a tribunal to a patient who has sued them, owing to the infirmary and/or the physician non possessing appropriate insurance screen a nd/or medical insurance.Ethical issuesThere can be major ethical issues around medical touristry. For illustration, the illegal purchase of variety meats and tissues for organ transplant had been alleged in states such as India and China [ 33 ] prior to 2007. The Declaration of Istanbul distinguishes between ethically debatable â€Å" transplant touristry † and â€Å" travel for organ transplant † . Medical touristry may raise broader ethical issues for the states in which it is promoted. For illustration in India, some argue that a â€Å" policy of ‘medical touristry for the categories and wellness missions for the multitudes ‘ will take to a deepening of the unfairnesss † already embedded in the wellness attention system. In Thailand, in 2008 it was stated that, â€Å" Doctors in Thailand have become so busy with aliens that Thai patients are holding problem acquiring attention † . Medical touristry centred on new engineerings, such as root cell interventions, is frequently criticized on evidences of fraud, blazing deficiency of scientific principle and patient safety. However, when open uping advanced engineerings, such as supplying ‘unproven ‘ therapies to patients outside of regular clinical tests, it is frequently disputing to distinguish between acceptable medical invention and unacceptable patient development.Employer-sponsored welln ess attention in the United statesSome US employers have begun researching medical travel plans as a manner to cut employee wellness attention costs. Such proposals have raised stormy arguments between employers and trade brotherhoods stand foring workers, with one brotherhood saying that it deplored the â€Å" lurid new attack † of offering employees overseas intervention in return for a portion of the company ‘s nest eggs. The brotherhoods besides raise the issues of legal liability should something travel incorrect, and possible occupation losingss in the US wellness attention industry if intervention is outsourced. Employers may offer inducements such as paying for air travel and relinquishing out-of-pocket disbursals for attention outside of the US. For illustration, in January 2008, Hannaford Bros. , a supermarket concatenation based in Maine, began paying the full medical measure for employees to go to Singapore for hip and articulatio genus replacings, including travel for the patient and comrade. Medical travel bundles can incorporate with all types of wellness insurance, including limited benefit programs, preferred supplier organisations and high deductible wellness programs. In 2000 Blue Shield of California began the United States ‘ first cross boundary line wellness program. Patients in California could go to one of the three certified infirmaries in Mexico for intervention under California Blue Shield. In 2007, a subordinate of BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina, Companion Global Healthcare, teamed up with infirmaries in Thailand, Singapore, Turkey, Ireland, Costa Rica and India. Angstrom 2008 article in Fast Company discusses the globalisation of health care and depict how assorted participants in the US health care market have begun to research it. For centuries wellness has been one of the chief motives for travel. Traveling for a alteration of weather so as to better or to reconstruct 1s ‘ strength/health has ever existed. History hints it long back, though particular topographic points or finish for constructing wellness can be positively established since Roman epoch. The Roman Empire constructed ‘baths ‘ popularly known as ‘spas ‘ where assorted health-related services like massage, sweat room, etc. were provided to visitants. Normally, these watering places were believed to be the resting topographic point of Godhead nymph and it was believed that when a visitant used to take a dip in the holy H2O believed to hold developed symbolic relationship with them. Subsequently on, a metropolis ‘Bath ‘ in England became really celebrated as a finish for wellness tourers. This metropolis boasted of baths either built by Romans or constructed on the lines of Roman baths. In modern universe, wellness has become really cherished. Feeling and looking healthy seems to be the mantra for today ‘s fast traveling coevals. Consequently, many wellness related travel services have come up who expressions after both the physical and religious good being of the tour bundle purchaser. The customer/buyer/client/traveler has the pick of picking Tourss from assorted watering places, wellness nines, ayurvedic, yoga and religious centres. These are deriving popularity among corporate traveller who spends rather a batch of clip off from place on concern trips. In this Unit, we will foremost discourse about wellness touristry and its assorted signifiers, and will discourse about its nexus to touristry. Besides we will discourse the assorted wellness touristry merchandises, as you will larn how to design and develop a wellness touristry merchandise. Finally, we will discourse the present and future scenarios and range of wellness touristry. 104WHAT IS HEALTH TOURISM?Keeping, bettering or reconstructing wellness is one of the incentives for travel. Health touristry constitutes of those travellers who travel for their wellness and to those finishs which cater to these travellers offering them a broad assortment of services. Health travellers might be going to rejuvenate oneself at the watering place, or for keeping their expressions by going to Swiss Cosmetic Surgery Clinics or even to Rishikesh for acquiring religious upliftment for a healthy and spiritualistic life. This section consists of tourers who either travel for merely one particular wellness benefit or others who have desire for a complete bundle. For illustration, traveling to China to acquire treated of backache with stylostixis and G-Jo is the illustration of former going to Kerala forayurvedic intervention for full organic structure. Basically, at present three forms/types of wellness touristry can be identified. They are: 1 ) Change of conditions: A really common tendency among all of us is to go for a alteration of conditions. Largely, after some unwellness or mental injury, physicians prescribe a alteration of conditions, a alteration of scene. For a really long clip this pattern of going to a pleasant topographic point to recover wellness and to rebuild strength has existed. A weather/climate alteration from hot to cold/warm and frailty versa or moisture to dry and frailty versa is seen as a manner of recovering wellness. For illustration, after a turn of asthma one advised to go to a dry, preferred pollution and pollen free part. All of us have either taken such a interruption our ego or at least cognize person, who has. Possibly person among household, friends or relation have taken such a trip after much audience among household members, travel agent and besides doctor. 2 ) Availing A Specialized Service: Many wellness finishs have come up over the old ages. But 1990s have seen a existent roar in wellness touristry, particularly in India. Destination specialising in one service such as hot spring watering place or sulfur geysers or ayurvedic centres or yoga centres have come up. The finishs are now popular as specialised wellness finish. A batch many sites can be found on the cyberspace foregrounding services of such centres, like the wellness watering place around dead sea. Israel is advancing wellness touristry based on Dead Sea in a really large manner. Dead Sea is promoted/marketed as a place/destination with alone combination of salts and minerals, higher O content and curative clay which alleviates skin conditions, muscular, articular and some respiratory jobs. Many sites on the warming effects of Dead Sea are posted by travel agents, province tourer board and besides hotels such as Hyatt Regency. These sites have information on specialised intervention Sessionss for dermatological jobs, Arthritic and Arthritic conditions, Respiratory conditions and so on. Sometimes one watering place or intervention clinic provide merely one service and sometimes all the intervention installation. Similarly, watering places and wellness centres worldwide talk about the â€Å" foundation of young person † springs and hot spring geysers, particularly in New Zealand. 3 ) Boxing A Treatment Finish: The latest tendency in wellness touristry is to box a finish ideal for medical attending and intervention. Largely a peculiar metropolis or a part as a whole is promoted as a topographic point for conventional medical intervention methods. The attractive force here is the low monetary value for the same or better medical installations than at place, along with rubber-necking and going during the convalescence period. Practically, the more serious patients are noteworthy in such travel but the people or household members with them are besides able to go and at times act like tourers. Leading among such intervention travel is Cuba, particularly for the American tourists/patients. India is besides boxing itself in similar footings. Ayurvedic intervention and yoga are two approaching merchandises in this respect in the international touristry market. Thailand is seeking to agitate off its old ill-famed popularity and addition land as a tourer finish for wellness touristry. Talking about Thailand ( as a instance survey ) , it is stressing on long stay wellness attention, wherein the mark patients from developed states can stay/afford long-run intervention off from place. Normally these wellness resorts in Thailand supply medical installations for medical examinations or intervention. The resorts besides incorporate other activities such as traditional Thai massage, watering place and herb tea intervention. Speciality services, such as, dental attention may be arranged on petition and cultural Tourss are normally thrown in. Government of Thailand ordinances require the participating resorts to run into rigorous criterions of service. So far about 60 resorts have applied for reviews. In add-on, short-stay wellness attention marks include executives who would wish to take a short holiday in Thailand and have their periodic al wellness check-up or some minor wellness jobs taken attention of without waiting in long lines. The cost of wellness attention in Thailand is comparatively inexpensive. A coronary beltway at a taking Bangkok infirmary costs US $ 6500, about half the US monetary value. Annual income of Thailand from wellness touristry is estimated to be around US $ 40 million harmonizing to the functionaries at the Ministry of Commerce ( Source on Thailand: www.amn.com/issues/ oct2000/headline/healdine_main.htm ) . 4 ) Special Need Tourism: This is fundamentally a really new tendency. We can non really term it as wellness touristry since the tourers in this instance make non really come for any medical intervention or wellness related issues. But in this instance the tourers are atilt towards those finishs which can provide to the invitee ‘s particular medical demands. We can club this tourer section with wellness touristry, since wellness related factors and grounds lead the tourer to make up one's mind on a tourer finish. Hospital intervention is non merely dearly-won in Europe but even for operations i little complaints like cataract, etc circuit operators have come up with medical treatment-cum-luxury bundles and these are going progressively popular even in the domestic touristry markets.MARKET RESEARCH AND ANALYSISMarket Research and its analysis is most of import measure when any merchandise or service is to be designed to provide to a specific market section, and to happen or make a niche market. Market research besides plays a important function in planing and developing wellness touristry merchandises since as a blend of touristry and medical service it is a alone touristry merchandise. It is a really specialised service necessitating coaction between both the medical experts and the merchandise interior decorator, i.e. , touristry merchandise and finish service developer. The term ‘medical experts ‘ in wellness touristry field does non restrict itself to the MBBS qualified physicians but it is a term enveloping all the medical practicians, i.e. , medical practicians from both traditional and alternate medical specialties. The alternate medical specialty practician can be an ayurvedic advocate or may be an acupuncture specializer. A complete wellness touristry bundle will see both the potency of the alternate medical specialty and its expert along with the finish ‘s other attractive force. For illustration, the ayurvedic centres of Kerala have packaged their wellness resorts as the wellness attention and greening centres nestled in nature, God ‘s ain state. A alone and tasteful combination of wellness attention and nature has been therefore designed and marketed. Therefore, a niche market has been created and catered to which includes people willing to pay a small excess to bask nature with wellness attention or frailty a versa. Since wellness touristry merchandise is alone in itself, the market research needs to concentrate on two specific facets: 1 ) What does the wellness touristry market and tourer need/require? 2 ) Which finish or does the desired finishs have the resources needed to provide to the market demand? As explained in the earlier portion, the first facet is dealt with in every market research that is undertaken for a new merchandise or service. Let us take up these two facets in item: 1 ) Market and Tourist Need Market: Research is undertaken chiefly to understand the demands and demands of tourers set abouting these wellness touristry bundles or trips. The research helps to chiefly measure as to what facet of wellness touristry, i.e. , the merchandise or service will catch on with the going public. A market niche is looked for or created through publicity of the merchandise. One can make up one's mind to venture into the market with an bing or wholly new construct. For illustration, an already bing and a really common merchandise in demand among wellness touristry merchandises is the enticement of young person. Although non an complaint, retaining young person has ever been on the top precedence docket of rich and celebrated. We on a regular basis come across advertizements of anti-aging decorative merchandises on assorted media channels. But for the rich and celebrated, anti-ageing intervention involves intervention Sessionss in assorted anti-aging intervention clinics. Media has clip and once more linked clinics in Switzerland with the beauty and verve and young person of most of the Hollywood people and many other people from the universe ‘s who ‘s who have been attracted towards them. Therefore, this facet of wellness touristry forms a ball of the tourer reachings in Switzerland. An bing merchandise in a new finish can besides be decided upon, such as opening ayurvedic wellness clinics in Delhi and so on. A common factor for originating wellness touristry trips is greening. This is a really common incentive and ayurvedic Sessionss are really good known for these. Therefore, market research helps you to make up one's mind upon your pick of merchandise or services, i.e. , it helps you ascertain which aspect of wellness touristry you should choose for. Besides the market section can be decided upon, whether to concentrate on domestic or international tourers or both, the parts, age group, income group, etc. Therefore, the merchandise developed will be seamster made for the mark market. For illustration, market research might convey forth the fact that domestic tourers of in-between income groups are looking for a wellness Centre which will be economically feasible. Furthermore, the basic demand for wellness attention centres is to acquire rejuvenated and acquire minor complaints taken attention of. Thus, the developer and interior decorator have an thought to work on and the range of developing it as a service to fulfill this peculiar market demand. For seting together an economically feasible bundle the developer will hold to separate between the nucleus merchandise and accessory services. You will read about it in the following Section. 2 ) The 2nd facet is to look into the handiness of resources and experts for the undertaking in inquiry. Each clip a developer considers conveying about a new undertaking the resources, allow it be the land, qualified per sonnel, supply of veggies, etc. besides needs to be considered. Besides the finish has to be assessed decently in footings of handiness, proper substructure and besides the transporting capacity of finish. In add-on to the above, in instance of wellness touristry a few other factors besides need to be considered. Unlike other touristry merchandise, in the instance of wellness touristry all the resources are non from touristry sector, they are from medical fraternity. Before the finish is decided on, a checklist sing the same would be helpful.Development1. Natural Environment 2. Climate ( Warm, Low Humidity, etc. ) 3. Antique Curio Shops 4. Geysers ( Hot/Sulphur ) 5. Health Resorts ( Traditional/Alternative – Medicine ) 6. Lakes/River 7. Medical Experts 8. Entertainment 9. Beach/Pool 10. Resources for Treatment ( Herbs/Oils, etc. ) 11. Nature Walks 12. Springs ( Hot/Minerals ) 13. Treatment Practitioners 14. Adjustment 15. Subject Restaurant 16. Water Falls 17. Any Alone Feature To this checklist can be added many more points which will assist you to guarantee whether the finish that you have selected as your merchandise base is appropriate or non. Coming up with a universe category merchandise without any long term resource backup will ensue in a bad experience for all involved. This is where Market Analysis comes in. Market analysis will analyze the undertaking in inquiry from all angles get downing with the tourer demands, mark market, the finish with its transporting capacity and sustainability as a finish in footings of resource handiness. The analysis will see all the facets and aid you, the touristry merchandise interior decorator and developer, to come up with a merchandise which would turn out to be both popular and profitable. Of class, you can use the services of advisers or specializers in this respect.Planing THE HEALTH PRODUCTOnce you decide on the finish and the wellness attention service that you are traveling to offer, acquiring the right merchandise mix will guarantee that you get maximal returns on your investings in footings of money and attempts. To make up one's mind on your merchandise mix you need to see whether you would: i‚ ·iˆ be supplying specialized services. For illustration, AyurvedicCentres for bosom patient, stylostixis Centres for back jobs, etc. , i‚ ·iˆ be situated right in the bosom of town or outside the metropolis bounds. For illustration, say wellness attention Centres in the bosom of town/city for the chronic patients looking for rehabilitation and who can non travel far, and i‚ ·iˆ have a new merchandise and make a market for it or work out a niche for yourself in the bing market. For illustration, anti-ageing clinics are ever a hit. Once you decide on the merchandise or type of merchandise you want, merchandise planing comes in. Merchandise planing helps you to give the coveted form to your product/service and make up one's mind on the merchandise mix. As you have read in MTM-6 and predating Unit of measurements that the best attack to plan touristry products/services is to separate between the nucleus and the encouraging attractive forces. Core attractive force is the basic need a service supplier is seeking to supply for while back uping attractive forces are the accessory services associated with the basic demand. We will near the designing of a touristry service on the footing of the five merchandise degrees as mentioned by Philip Kotler. Let us once more consider the illustration of a wellness resort which is economically feasible. The demand was felt specifically for a wellness attention Centre supplying intervention of minor complaints and greening bundles. The product/service to be provided was decided upon as anayurvedic bundle. So the five degrees would be: LEVEL 1 CORE BENEFIT Rejuvenation Package Degree 2 GENERIC PRODUCT Ayurvedic Centre LEVEL 3 EXPECTED PRODUCT Ayurvedic intervention with herbs and oils, Qualified practitioner/expert, nutrient, adjustment Degree 4 AUGMENTED PRODUCT Various Rejuvenation Programmer ( Rasayna Chikitsa, Kayakalp Chikitsa, Sweda Karma and others ) , Qualified and Expert Practitioners, Accommodation in AC Rooms or bungalows, Multicuisine Restaurant Degree 5 POTENTIAL PRODUCT Gymnasium, Herbal Steam Bath, Medicated Pool, Mineral Bath, Herbal Garden, Indoor and Outdoor Games, A ccommodation with intervention suites and kitchen, Multi-cuisine Restaurant supplying nutrient of your pick or diet nutrient as advised by the physicians, etc. The above theoretical account shows the measure by measure procedure to plan a merchandise. Identifying a demand and so adding assorted extra attractive forces lead to the designing of a merchandise or service. Supplying the excess gives you the border over your rivals. In the modern service industry, more value add-ons are given to pull and retain clients. For illustration, one of the wellness attentions in Kerala provides a combination of services. The Centre is accessible from Cochin or Calicut airdrome and harmonizing to their web site, it is situated in the beautiful countryside of Kerala. Their merchandise design combines all the attractive forces mentioned in degree 5 along with trips to local tourer musca volitanss, elephant cantonments, etc. Besides occupant and visiting physicians provide audience and supervise interventions. ( Beginning: www.ayurveda-in.com ) . Let ‘s now consider another illustration covering with another facet of wellness touristry, viz. ‘rehabilitation ‘ . Rehabilitation is chiefly after a individual has undergone some serious unwellness, but this term is really normally used merely in context of the people who are chemically dependent. As the instance may be, the tourer in inquiry could be a post-operative patient or person retrieving from a turn of serious unwellness or accident. So, while planing the merchandise, the degrees can be: LEVEL 1 CORE BENEFIT Rehabilitation Degree 2 GENERIC PRODUCT Rehabilitation Centre LEVEL 3 EXPECTED PRODUCT Medical installations, Doctors on call, Nurses, Accommodation and Food. Degree 4 AUGMENTED PRODUCT All types of Medical Facility ( Labs, OT, latest appliances, CT Scan installations, etc. ) , both Resident Doctors and sing Experts, 24 hours Observation under specially trained and experienced nurses, different types/categories of adjustment and nutrient. Degree 5 POTENTIAL PRODUCT World Renowned Medical Consultants, Special Units for different unwellness, Reding s essions with head-shrinkers, natural beauty of the country environing the clinic, trips to local attractive forces, wellness edifice exercisings with physical therapists, etc. From the above illustration you can see that to get at the right merchandise mix, one needs to hold an in deepness cognition about the services associated with the merchandise you are be aftering to plan or sell and merely so one can make up one's mind upon the back uping attractions/ancillary services that goes with a basic or nucleus service. Geting the right merchandise mix will guarantee that you get maximal returns, the premier motivation behind running/any endeavor.Development AND POSITIONING THE HEALTH TOURISM PRODUCTOnce you have decided on your merchandise mix, it ‘s clip for you to develop it and place it in the market and eventually make a niche. Developing the product/service involves developing the substructure to prolong the tourer flow and besides the merchandise while developing a merchandise we need to see the followers ( Beginning: The Tourism Development Handbook, by Kerry Godfrey and Jackie Clarke ) : 1 ) Product Life Cycle: One needs to see all the growing facets of the merchandise. Just developing a merchandise is non the beginning and terminal of the merchandise development instead merchandise should be developed in such a mode that it sustains the tourer involvement for a long manner to come. For illustration: Take the illustration of yoga and wellness bundles in Rishikesh. So to develop the merchandise for long term, allow ‘s see the stairss that will be involved: 1st twelvemonth Yoga classes particular for novices 2nd twelvemonth Yoga categories for bring arounding specific complaints 3rd twelvemonth Yoga + Reiki 4th twelvemonth Yoga + Reiki + Ayurveda 5th twelvemonth Yoga + Reiki + Ayurveda + Spiritual upliftment negotiations and so on. We can maintain on adding characteristics to the above to prolong tourist involvement. 2 ) The Product Portfolio: This phase makes you see the assorted facets of the interrelatedness between gross produced and resources used. For illustration, sectioning the resources used harmonizing to the mark market enables you to maintain path of gross and resources. Making Ayurveda bundles to cover with specific complaint is an illustration of this. 3 ) Relevant Gaps: One can add more to the merchandise line and consequently lengthen it or intensify it. i‚ ·iˆ Lengthen – by adding more merchandises to an bing line, like spiritualty, speculation, negotiations on yoga. i‚ ·iˆ Deepen – by adding more merchandise points such as forte intervention in Ayurveda and so on 4 ) Analysis of Tourist Satisfaction: A cheque on the services provided should be maintained by judging the tourer reaction to them. A cheque on tourer reaction helps one decide on upgrading and supplying better services. Regular feedback system through questionnaire or interface with tourers can ever assist you in bettering or adding value to your services. 5 ) Development of Product Differentiation: The merchandise should be distinguishable from rivals and hold an individuality ( branding ) . This would guarantee that your merchandise stands out to the tourer. For illustration, opening an Ayurveda Centre, complete with modern wellness attention installations and the kernel of ancient baths of Romans would be more than an ayurvedic Centre and would be more of a wellness attention Centre. It is up to you as developer to separate the assorted merchandise degrees and come up with a unique sustainable merchandise so as to fulfill the identified market demands and have speedy returns on your investings. Once the merchandise is developed, you need to present the merchandise via proper promotional methods. This would guarantee that the mark market is made cognizant of the merchandise and the merchandise gets positioned consequently. Merchandise placement is about making the mark market and making a distinguishable individuality as a merchandise. For illustration, Kerala has positioned itself as Gods ain land where God blesses the conservators or medical practicians to rejuvenate the wellness of ailing enduring visitants.FUTURE TRENDS AND SCOPE OF HEALTH TOURISMA tendency that shows much range in future is the travel taken by people to hold surgeries performed in a foreign state. There are assorted grounds for this. For illustration, there is a long waiting line for operations like cataract in UK and the cost is besides high. Such operations are easy done in India and at a much lower cost. Many states including India are sing for this tourer bracket by projecting themselves as states with best medical attention installations and chances for hassle free convalescence. With the increasing figure of in-between aged and senior citizens all the touristry merchandises are targeted at these markets. An ageless merchandise for wellness touristry is the enticement of young person. This touristry wellness merchandise will ever hold takers. The tendency traveling on shows a tilt towards alternate medical intervention and for some clip to come the joust will be towards alternate intervention. An of import factor to see here is that although wellness touristry attracts tourers from universe over, for a state like India it ‘s the domestic tourers who can play a major portion in gross coevals. And, hence, merchandises developed should ever see them.Why Health Tourism in India?Health Tourism in India is a turning construct because of assorted grounds.Low cost surgeries and medical interventions such as complex Bone Marrow graft, liver graft, kidney graft, specialised cardiac/heart surgery, surgeries for hip joint replacing, knee joint replacing, dental surgery, and decorative surgeries, to advert a few. All these surgical processs are carried out by adept physicians. India has assorted state-of-the-art medical institutes and infirmaries of international criterions. Peoples all around the universe are eager to see the diverseness and integrity of India. So, when they get the advantage of medical intervention along with a double advantage of acquiring to go India, they choose India over others. Relatively the cost of surgery in India is estimated to be one-tenth of that in the United States or Western Europe, and sometimes even less. A heart-valve replacing that would be $ 200,000 or more in the US, for illustration, goes for $ 10,000 in India — and that includes round-trip airfare and a brief holiday bundle. Similarly there are other such surgical processs that cost less in India. Chennai ( once known as Madras ) , the capital metropolis of the Indian province of Tamil Nadu, has been declared India ‘s Health Capital, as it nets in 48 % of wellness tourers from abroad and 37-41 % of domestic wellness tourers.